Sabtu, 21 Mei 2011

On The Geneology of Moral

%3Cm%3Asmallfrac%20m%3Aval%3D%22off%22%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Adispdef%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Almargin%20m%3Aval%3D%220%22%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Armargin%20m%3Aval%3D%220%22%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Adefjc%20m%3Aval%3D%22centerGroup%22%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Awrapindent%20m%3Aval%3D%221440%22%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Aintlim%20m%3Aval%3D%22subSup%22%3E%20%20%20%20%3Cm%3Anarylim%20m%3Aval%3D%22undOvr%22%3E%20%20%20%3C%2Fm%3Anarylim%3E%3C%2Fm%3Aintlim%3E%20%3C%2Fm%3Awrapindent%3E%20%20%3C%2Fm%3Adefjc%3E%3C%2Fm%3Armargin%3E%3C%2Fm%3Almargin%3E%3C%2Fm%3Adispdef%3E%3C%2Fm%3Asmallfrac%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20align%3D%22center%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20center%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cb%3E%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EPROLOGUE%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22initialcap%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20don't%20know%20ourselves%2C%20we%20knowledgeable%20people%20we%20are%20personally%20ignorant%20about%20ourselves.%20And%20there%E2%80%99s%20good%20reason%20for%20that.%20We've%20never%20tried%20to%20find%20out%20who%20we%20are.%20How%20could%20it%20ever%20happen%20that%20one%20day%20we'd%20discover%20our%20own%20selves%3F%20With%20justice%20it%E2%80%99s%20been%20said%20that%20%E2%80%9CWhere%20your%20treasure%20is%2C%20there%20shall%20your%20heart%20be%20also.%E2%80%9D%20Our%20treasure%20lies%20where%20the%20beehives%20of%20our%20knowledge%20stand.%20We%20are%20always%20busy%20with%20our%20knowledge%2C%20as%20if%20we%20were%20born%20winged%20creatures%20collectors%20of%20intellectual%20honey.%20In%20our%20hearts%20we%20are%20basically%20concerned%20with%20only%20one%20thing%2C%20to%20%E2%80%9Cbring%20something%20home.%E2%80%9D%20As%20far%20as%20the%20rest%20of%20life%20is%20concerned%2C%20what%20people%20call%20%E2%80%9Cexperience%E2%80%9D%20which%20of%20us%20is%20serious%20enough%20for%20that%3F%20Who%20has%20enough%20time%3F%20In%20these%20matters%2C%20I%20fear%2C%20we've%20been%20%E2%80%9Cmissing%20the%20point.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOur%20hearts%20have%20not%20even%20been%20engaged%20nor%2C%20for%20that%20matter%2C%20have%20our%20ears!%20We've%20been%20much%20more%20like%20someone%20divinely%20distracted%20and%20self-absorbed%20into%20whose%20ear%20the%20clock%20has%20just%20pealed%20the%20twelve%20strokes%20of%20noon%20with%20all%20its%20force%20and%20who%20all%20at%20once%20wakes%20up%20and%20asks%20himself%20%E2%80%9CWhat%20exactly%20did%20that%20clock%20strike%3F%E2%80%9D%20so%20we%20rub%20ourselves%20behind%20the%20ears%20afterwards%20and%20ask%2C%20totally%20surprised%20and%20embarrassed%20%E2%80%9CWhat%20have%20we%20really%20just%20experienced%3F%20And%20more%3A%20%E2%80%9CWho%20are%20we%20really%3F%E2%80%9D%20Then%2C%20as%20I've%20mentioned%2C%20we%20count%20after%20the%20fact%20all%20the%20twelve%20trembling%20strokes%20of%20the%20clock%20of%20our%20experience%2C%20our%20lives%2C%20our%20being%20alas!%20in%20the%20process%20we%20keep%20losing%20the%20count.%20So%20we%20remain%20necessarily%20strangers%20to%20ourselves%2C%20we%20do%20not%20understand%20ourselves%2C%20we%20have%20to%20keep%20ourselves%20confused.%20For%20us%20this%20law%20holds%20for%20all%20eternity%3A%20%E2%80%9CEach%20man%20is%20furthest%20from%20himself.%E2%80%9D%20Where%20we%20ourselves%20are%20concerned%2C%20we%20are%20not%20%E2%80%9Cknowledgeable%20people.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EMy%20thoughts%20over%20the%20origin%20of%20our%20moral%20prejudices%20for%20this%20polemical%20tract%20is%20concerned%20about%20that%20origin%20had%20their%20first%20brief%20and%20provisional%20expression%20in%20that%20collection%20of%20aphorisms%20which%20carried%20the%20title%20%3Ci%3EHuman%2C%20All-too%20Human%3A%20A%20Book%20for%20Free%20Spirits%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20a%20book%20which%20I%20started%20to%20write%20in%20Sorrento%2C%20during%20a%20winter%20when%20I%20had%20the%20chance%20to%20pause%2C%20just%20as%20a%20traveller%20stops%2C%20to%20look%20over%20the%20wide%20and%20dangerous%20land%20through%20which%20my%20spirit%20had%20wandered%20up%20to%20that%20point.%20This%20happened%20in%20the%20winter%201876-77%2C%20but%20the%20ideas%20themselves%20are%20older.%20In%20the%20main%20points%2C%20they%20were%20the%20same%20ideas%20which%20I%20am%20taking%20up%20again%20in%20these%20present%20essays.%20Let%E2%80%99s%20hope%20that%20the%20long%20interval%20of%20time%20has%20done%20them%20some%20good%2C%20that%20they%20have%20become%20riper%2C%20brighter%2C%20stronger%2C%20and%20more%20complete!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20fact%20that%20today%20I%20still%20stand%20by%20these%20ideas%2C%20that%20in%20the%20intervening%20time%20they%20themselves%20have%20constantly%20become%20more%20strongly%20associated%20with%20one%20another%2C%20even%20to%20the%20point%20of%20growing%20into%20each%20other%20and%20intertwining%2C%20that%20has%20reinforced%20in%20me%20the%20joyful%20confidence%20that%20they%20may%20not%20have%20originally%20developed%20in%20me%20as%20single%2C%20random%2C%20or%20sporadic%20ideas%2C%20but%20up%20out%20of%20common%20roots%2C%20from%20some%20fundamental%20will%20for%20knowledge%20ruling%20from%20deep%20within%2C%20always%20speaking%20with%20greater%20clarity%2C%20always%20demanding%20greater%20clarity.%20In%20fact%2C%20that%E2%80%99s%20the%20only%20thing%20appropriate%20for%20a%20philosopher.%20We%20have%20no%20right%20to%20be%20isolated%20in%20any%20way%3A%20we%20are%20not%20permitted%20to%20make%20isolated%20mistakes%20or%20to%20run%20into%20isolated%20truths.%20Our%20ideas%2C%20our%20values%2C%20our%20affirmations%20and%20denials%2C%20our%20%3Ci%3Eif's%3C%2Fi%3E%20and%20%3Ci%3Ebut's%3C%2Fi%3E%20these%20rather%20grow%20out%20of%20us%20from%20the%20same%20necessity%20which%20makes%20a%20tree%20bear%20its%20fruit%20totally%20related%20and%20interlinked%20amongst%20each%20other%2C%20witnesses%20of%20one%20will%2C%20one%20health%2C%20one%20soil%2C%20one%20sun.%20As%20for%20the%20question%20whether%20these%20fruits%20of%20ours%20taste%20good%20to%20you%2C%20what%20does%20that%20matter%20to%20the%20trees!%20What%20concern%20is%20that%20of%20ours%2C%20we%20philosophers!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBecause%20of%20a%20quirk%20in%20my%20own%20nature%2C%20to%20which%20I%20confess%20reluctantly%2C%20for%20it%20concerns%20itself%20with%20morality%2C%20with%20everything%20which%20up%20to%20the%20present%20has%20been%20celebrated%20on%20earth%20as%20morality%2C%20a%20quirk%20which%20came%20into%20my%20life%20early%2C%20so%20uninvited%2C%20so%20irresistibly%2C%20in%20such%20contradiction%20to%20my%20surroundings%2C%20my%20age%2C%20the%20examples%20around%20me%2C%20and%20my%20origin%2C%20that%20I%20almost%20have%20the%20right%20to%20call%20it%20my%20%E2%80%9Ca%20priori%E2%80%9D%20because%20of%20this%2C%20my%20curiosity%20and%20my%20suspicions%20soon%20enough%20had%20to%20pause%20at%20the%20question%20about%20where%20our%20good%20and%20evil%20really%20originated.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20fact%2C%20already%20as%20a%20thirteen-year-old%20lad%2C%20I%20was%20confronted%20with%20the%20problem%20of%20the%20origin%20of%20evil.%20At%20an%20age%20when%20one%20has%20%E2%80%9Chalf%20childish%20play%2C%20half%20God%20in%20one%E2%80%99s%20heart%2C%E2%80%9D%20I%20devoted%20my%20first%20childish%20literary%20trifle%2C%20my%20first%20written%20philosophical%20exercise%2C%20to%20this%20problem.%20And%20so%20far%20as%20my%20%E2%80%9Csolution%E2%80%9D%20to%20the%20problem%20at%20that%20time%20is%20concerned%2C%20well%2C%20I%20gave%20that%20honour%20to%20God%2C%20as%20is%20reasonable%2C%20and%20made%20him%20the%20father%20of%20evil.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIs%20that%20what%20my%20%E2%80%9Ca%20priori%E2%80%9D%20demanded%20of%20me%20precisely%2C%20that%20new%20immoral%2C%20at%20the%20very%20least%20unmoral%20%E2%80%9Ca%20priori%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20cryptic%20%E2%80%9Ccategorical%20imperative%E2%80%9D%20which%20spoke%20out%20from%20it%2C%20alas%2C%20so%20anti-Kantian%2C%20which%20I%20have%20increasingly%20listened%20to%20ever%20since%20and%20not%20just%20listened%20to%3F%20Luckily%20I%20soon%20learned%20to%20separate%20theological%20prejudices%20from%20moral%20ones%2C%20and%20I%20no%20longer%20sought%20the%20origin%20of%20evil%20behind%20the%20world.%20Some%20education%20in%20history%20and%20philology%2C%20along%20with%20an%20inherently%20refined%20sense%20concerning%20psychological%20questions%20in%20general%2C%20quickly%20changed%20my%20problem%20into%20something%20else%3A%20Under%20what%20conditions%20did%20men%20invent%20for%20themselves%20these%20value%20judgments%20good%20and%20evil%3F%20And%20what%20inherent%20value%20do%20they%20have%3F%20Have%20they%20hindered%20or%20fostered%20human%20well-being%20up%20to%20now%3F%20Are%20they%20a%20sign%20of%20some%20emergency%2C%20of%20impoverishment%2C%20of%20an%20atrophying%20life%3F%20Or%20is%20it%20the%20other%20way%20around%20do%20they%20indicate%20fullness%2C%20power%2C%20a%20will%20for%20living%2C%20courage%2C%20confidence%2C%20the%20future%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFrom%20there%20I%20came%20across%20and%20proposed%20all%20sorts%20of%20answers%20for%20myself.%20I%20distinguished%20between%20ages%2C%20peoples%2C%20different%20ranks%20of%20individuals.%20I%20kept%20refining%20my%20problem.%20Out%20of%20the%20answers%20arose%20new%20questions%2C%20investigations%2C%20assumptions%2C%20probabilities%20until%20at%20last%20I%20had%20my%20own%20country%2C%20my%20own%20soil%2C%20a%20totally%20secluded%2C%20flowering%2C%20blooming%20world%2C%20like%20a%20secret%20garden%2C%20of%20which%20no%20one%20had%20the%20slightest%20inkling%20.%20.%20.%20Oh%2C%20how%20lucky%20we%20are%2C%20we%20knowledgeable%20people%2C%20provided%20that%20we%20know%20how%20to%20stay%20silent%20long%20enough!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20first%20stimulus%20to%20publish%20something%20of%20my%20hypothesis%20concerning%20the%20origin%20of%20morality%20was%20given%20to%20me%20by%20a%20lucid%2C%20tidy%2C%20clever%2C%20even%20precocious%20little%20book%20in%20which%20for%20the%20first%20time%20I%20clearly%20ran%20into%20a%20topsy-turvy%20and%20perverse%20type%20of%20genealogical%20hypothesis%20a%20genuinely%20English%20style.%20It%20drew%20me%20with%20that%20power%20of%20attraction%20which%20everything%20opposite%2C%20everything%20antipodal%20contains.%20The%20title%20of%20this%20booklet%20was%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Origin%20of%20the%20Moral%20Feelings%3C%2Fi%3E.%20Its%20author%20was%20Dr%20Paul%20R%C3%A9e%2C%20and%20it%20appeared%20in%20the%20year%201877.%20It%E2%80%99s%20likely%20I%20have%20never%20read%20anything%20which%20I%20would%20have%20denied%2C%20statement%20by%20statement%2C%20conclusion%20by%20conclusion%2C%20as%20I%20did%20with%20this%20book%2C%20but%20without%20any%20sense%20of%20annoyance%20or%20impatience.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20the%20work%20I%20mentioned%20above%2C%20on%20which%20I%20was%20working%20at%20the%20time%2C%20I%20made%20opportune%20and%20inopportune%20references%20to%20statements%20in%20Dr.%20R%C3%A9e%E2%80%99s%20book%2C%20not%20in%20order%20to%20prove%20them%20wrong%20(what%20have%20I%20to%20do%20with%20preparing%20such%20refutations!)%20but%2C%20as%20is%20appropriate%20to%20a%20positive%20spirit%2C%20to%20put%20in%20the%20place%20of%20something%20unlikely%20something%20more%20likely%2C%20in%20the%20place%20of%20some%20error%20in%20detail%20some%20other%20error.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20that%20time%2C%20as%20I%20said%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%20I%20brought%20into%20the%20light%20of%20day%20my%20hypotheses%20about%20genealogy%2C%20to%20which%20these%20essays%20have%20been%20dedicated%20but%20clumsily%20(as%20I%20will%20be%20the%20last%20to%20deny)%2C%20still%20fettered%2C%20still%20without%20my%20own%20language%20for%20these%20concerns%20of%20mine%2C%20and%20with%20all%20sorts%20of%20retreating%20and%20vacillating.%20For%20particular%20details%2C%20you%20should%20compare%20what%20I%20said%20in%20%3Ci%3EHuman%2C%20All-too%20Human%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20on%20p.%2051%2C%20about%20the%20double%20nature%20of%20the%20prehistory%20of%20good%20and%20evil%20(that%20is%2C%20in%20the%20spheres%20of%20the%20nobility%20and%20the%20slaves)%3B%20similarly%2C%20pages%20119%20ff%20concerning%20the%20worth%20and%20origin%20of%20ascetic%20morality%2C%20as%20well%20as%20pages%2078%2C%2082%2C%20and%202.35%20concerning%20the%20%E2%80%9CMorality%20of%20Custom%2C%E2%80%9D%20that%20much%20older%20and%20more%20primitive%20style%20of%20morality%2C%20which%20lies%20an%20enormous%20distance%20from%20the%20altruistic%20way%20of%20valuing%20(which%20Dr.%20R%C3%A9e%2C%20like%20all%20English%20genealogists%20of%20morality%2C%20sees%20as%20the%20very%20essence%20of%20moral%20evaluation)%3B%20similarly%2C%20p.%2074%20of%20the%20%3Ci%3EWanderer%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20and%20p.%2099%20of%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Dawn%3C%2Fi%3E%20concerning%20the%20origin%20of%20justice%20as%20a%20compromise%20between%20approximately%20equal%20powers%20(equality%20as%20a%20precondition%20of%20all%20contracts%20and%20therefore%20of%20justice)%3B%20likewise%20concerning%20the%20origin%20of%20punishment%20in%20%3Ci%3EWanderer%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20p%2025%2C%2034%2C%20for%20which%20an%20intent%20to%20terrify%20is%20neither%20the%20essential%20thing%20nor%20the%20origin%20(as%20Dr.%20R%C3%A9e%20claims%20it%20is%20far%20more%20likely%20first%20brought%20in%20under%20a%20specific%20set%20of%20conditions%20and%20always%20as%20something%20incidental%2C%20something%20additional).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20basically%20even%20then%20the%20real%20concern%20for%20me%20at%20heart%20was%20something%20much%20more%20important%20than%20coming%20up%20with%20hypotheses%20about%20the%20origin%20of%20morality%2C%20either%20my%20own%20or%20from%20other%20people%20(or%2C%20more%20precisely%20stated%20this%20latter%20issue%20was%20important%20to%20me%20only%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20a%20goal%20to%20which%20it%20was%20one%20path%20out%20of%20many).%20For%20me%20the%20issue%20was%20the%20value%20of%20morality%20and%20in%20that%20matter%20I%20had%20to%20take%20issue%20almost%20alone%20with%20my%20great%20teacher%20Schopenhauer%2C%20to%20whom%2C%20as%20if%20to%20a%20contemporary%2C%20that%20book%2C%20with%20its%20passion%20and%20hidden%20contradiction%2C%20addressed%20itself%20(for%20that%20book%20was%20also%20a%20%E2%80%9Cpolemical%20tract%E2%80%9D).%20The%20most%20specific%20issue%20was%20the%20worth%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cunegoistic%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20instinct%20for%20pity%2C%20self-denial%2C%20self-sacrifice%2C%20something%20which%20Schopenhauer%20himself%20had%20painted%20with%20gold%2C%20deified%2C%20and%20projected%20into%20the%20next%20world%20for%20so%20long%20that%20it%20finally%20became%20for%20him%20%E2%80%9Cvalue%20in%20itself%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20reason%20why%20he%20said%20No%20to%20life%20and%20even%20to%20himself.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20a%20constantly%20more%20fundamental%20suspicion%20of%20exactly%20this%20instinct%20voiced%20itself%20in%20me%2C%20a%20scepticism%20which%20always%20dug%20deeper!%20It%20was%20precisely%20here%20that%20I%20saw%20the%20great%20danger%20to%20humanity%2C%20its%20most%20sublime%20temptation%20and%20seduction.%20But%20in%20what%20direction%3F%20To%20nothingness%3F%20It%20was%20precisely%20here%20I%20saw%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20end%2C%20the%20standing%20still%2C%20the%20backward-glancing%20exhaustion%2C%20the%20will%20turning%20itself%20against%20life%2C%20the%20final%20illness%20tenderly%20and%20sadly%20announcing%20itself.%20I%20understood%20the%20morality%20of%20pity%2C%20which%20was%20always%20seizing%20more%20and%20more%20around%20it%2C%20even%20the%20philosophers%20which%20it%20made%20sick%2C%20as%20the%20most%20sinister%20symptom%20of%20our%20European%20culture%2C%20which%20itself%20had%20become%20sinister%2C%20as%20its%20detour%20to%20a%20new%20Buddhism%3F%20to%20a%20European%20Buddhism%3F%20to%20nihilism%3F%20.%20.%20.%20This%20modern%20philosophical%20preference%20for%20and%20overvaluing%20of%20pity%20is%20really%20something%20new.%20Concerning%20the%20worthlessness%20of%20pity%20philosophers%20up%20to%20now%20were%20in%20agreement.%20I%20name%20only%20Plato%2C%20Spinoza%2C%20La%20Rochefoucauld%2C%20and%20Kant%20four%20spirits%20as%20different%20from%20one%20another%20as%20possible%2C%20but%20united%20in%20one%20thing%2C%20in%20the%20low%20value%20they%20set%20on%20pity.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThis%20problem%20of%20the%20value%20of%20pity%20and%20of%20the%20morality%20of%20pity%20(I'm%20an%20opponent%20of%20the%20disgraceful%20modern%20immaturity%20of%20feelings)%20appeared%20at%20first%20to%20be%20only%20something%20isolated%2C%20a%20detached%20question%20mark.%20But%20anyone%20who%20remains%20there%20for%20a%20while%20and%20learns%20some%20questions%2C%20will%20experience%20what%20happened%20to%20me%20a%20huge%20new%20vista%20opens%20up%20before%20him%2C%20a%20possibility%20grips%20him%20like%20an%20attack%20of%20dizziness%2C%20all%20sorts%20of%20mistrust%2C%20suspicion%2C%20and%20fear%20spring%20up%20his%20belief%20in%20morality%2C%20in%20all%20morality%2C%20starts%20to%20totter%2C%20and%20finally%20he%20hears%20a%20new%20demand.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%E2%80%99s%20proclaim%20this%20new%20demand%3A%20we%20need%20a%20critique%20of%20moral%20values%2C%20and%20we%20must%20first%20question%20the%20very%20value%20of%20these%20values.%20For%20that%20we%20need%20a%20knowledge%20of%20the%20conditions%20and%20circumstance%20out%20of%20which%20these%20values%20grew%2C%20under%20which%20they%20have%20developed%20and%20changed%20(morality%20as%20consequence%2C%20as%20symptom%2C%20as%20mask%2C%20as%20hypocrisy%2C%20as%20illness%2C%20as%20misunderstanding%20but%20also%20morality%20as%20cause%2C%20as%20means%20of%20healing%2C%20as%20stimulant%2C%20as%20scruples%2C%20as%20poison)%2C%20a%20knowledge%20of%20the%20sort%20which%20has%20not%20been%20there%20until%20now%2C%20something%20which%20has%20not%20even%20been%20wished%20for.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EPeople%20have%20taken%20the%20worth%20of%20these%20%E2%80%9Cvalues%E2%80%9D%20as%20something%20given%2C%20as%20self-evident%2C%20as%20beyond%20all%20dispute.%20Up%20until%20now%20people%20have%20also%20not%20had%20the%20least%20doubts%20about%20or%20wavered%20in%20setting%20up%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20good%20man%E2%80%9D%20as%20more%20valuable%20than%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20evil%20man%2C%E2%80%9D%20of%20higher%20worth%20in%20the%20sense%20of%20the%20improvement%2C%20usefulness%2C%20and%20prosperity%20of%20mankind%20in%20general%20(along%20with%20the%20future%20of%20humanity).%20Now%20what%20about%20this%3F%20What%20if%20the%20truth%20were%20the%20other%20way%20around%3F%20What%20if%20in%20the%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20there%20lay%20a%20symptom%20of%20regression%2C%20something%20like%20a%20danger%2C%20a%20seduction%2C%20a%20poison%2C%20a%20narcotic%2C%20something%20which%20makes%20the%20present%20live%20at%20the%20cost%20of%20the%20future%3F%20Perhaps%20something%20more%20comfortable%2C%20less%20dangerous%2C%20but%20also%20on%20a%20smaller%20scale%2C%20something%20more%20demeaning%3F%20.%20.%20.%20So%20that%20this%20very%20morality%20would%20be%20guilty%20if%20the%20highest%20possible%20power%20and%20magnificence%20of%20the%20human%20type%20were%20never%20attained%3F%20So%20that%20this%20very%20morality%20might%20be%20the%20danger%20of%20all%20dangers%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%20me%20it%20was%20enough%20that%20once%20this%20insight%20revealed%20itself%20to%20me%2C%20I%20had%20a%20reason%20to%20look%20around%20for%20learned%2C%20bold%2C%20and%20hard-working%20comrades%20(today%20I'm%20still%20searching).%20It%E2%80%99s%20a%20matter%20of%20traveling%20through%20the%20immense%2C%20distant%2C%20and%20so%20secretive%20land%20of%20the%20morality%20which%20was%20really%20there%2C%20the%20land%20of%20really%20living%20morality%2C%20with%20nothing%20but%20new%20questions%20and%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%20new%20eyes.%20Isn't%20that%20almost%20like%20first%20discovering%20this%20land%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20this%20matter%2C%20I%20thought%20of%2C%20among%20others%2C%20the%20above-mentioned%20Dr.%20R%C3%A9e%2C%20because%20I%20happened%20to%20have%20no%20doubts%20at%20all%20that%20by%20the%20very%20nature%20of%20his%20questions%20he%20would%20be%20driven%20to%20a%20more%20correct%20methodology%20in%20order%20to%20arrive%20at%20any%20answers.%20Have%20I%20deceived%20myself%20in%20all%20this%3F%20At%20any%20rate%2C%20my%20desire%20was%20to%20provide%20a%20better%20direction%20for%20such%20a%20keen%20and%20objective%20eye%20as%20his%2C%20a%20direction%20leading%20to%20a%20true%20history%20of%20morality%20and%20to%20advise%20him%20in%20time%20against%20the%20English%20way%20of%20making%20hypotheses%20by%20staring%20off%20into%20the%20blue.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%2C%20indeed%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20obvious%20which%20colour%20must%20be%20a%20hundred%20times%20more%20important%20for%20someone%20seeking%20a%20genealogy%20of%20morals%20than%20this%20blue%20namely%2C%20gray%2C%20in%20other%20words%2C%20what%20has%20been%20documented%2C%20what%20can%20be%20established%20as%20the%20truth%2C%20what%20really%20took%20place%2C%20in%20short%2C%20the%20long%2C%20difficult-to-decipher%20hieroglyphic%20writing%20of%20the%20past%20in%20human%20morality.%20This%20was%20unknown%20to%20Dr.%20R%C3%A9e.%20But%20he%20had%20read%20Darwin%2C%20so%20that%20to%20some%20extent%20in%20his%20hypotheses%20the%20Darwinian%20beast%20and%20the%20most%20modern%20modest%20and%20tender%20moral%20sensibility%2C%20which%20%E2%80%9Cno%20longer%20bites%2C%E2%80%9D%20politely%20extend%20their%20hands%20to%20each%20other%20in%20a%20way%20that%20is%20at%20least%20entertaining%20with%20the%20latter%20bearing%20a%20facial%20expression%20revealing%20a%20certain%20good-natured%20and%20refined%20indolence%2C%20in%20which%20is%20mixed%20a%20grain%20of%20pessimism%20and%20exhaustion%2C%20as%20if%20it%20is%20really%20not%20worth%20taking%20all%20these%20things%2C%20the%20problems%20of%20morality%2C%20so%20seriously.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%20me%20things%20appear%20reversed%20there%20are%20no%20issues%20which%20are%20more%20worth%20taking%20seriously%20among%20the%20rewards%2C%20for%20example%2C%20is%20the%20fact%20that%20one%20day%20perhaps%20people%20will%20be%20permitted%20to%20take%20them%20cheerfully.%20For%20cheerfulness%2C%20or%2C%20to%20say%20it%20in%20my%20own%20language%2C%20the%20gay%20science%2C%20is%20a%20reward%2C%20a%20reward%20for%20a%20lengthy%2C%20brave%2C%20hard-working%2C%20and%20underground%20seriousness%2C%20which%2C%20of%20course%2C%20is%20not%20something%20for%20everyone.%20But%20on%20that%20day%20when%20from%20full%20hearts%20we%20say%20%E2%80%9CForward!%20Our%20old%20morality%20also%20belongs%20in%20a%20comedy!%E2%80%9D%2C%20we'll%20have%20discovered%20a%20new%20complication%20and%20possibility%20for%20the%20Dionysian%20drama%20of%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20fate%20of%20the%20soul.%E2%80%9D%20And%20we%20can%20bet%20that%20the%20grand%20old%20immortal%20comic%20poet%20of%20our%20existence%20will%20put%20it%20to%20good%20use!.%20.%20.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIf%20this%20writing%20is%20incomprehensible%20to%20someone%20or%20other%20and%20hurts%20his%20ears%2C%20the%20blame%20for%20that%2C%20it%20strikes%20me%2C%20is%20not%20necessarily%20mine.%20The%20writing%20is%20sufficiently%20clear%20given%20the%20conditions%20I%20set%20out%E2%80%94that%20you%20have%20first%20read%20my%20earlier%20writings%20and%20have%20taken%20some%20trouble%20to%20do%20that%2C%20for%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20these%20works%20are%20not%20easily%20accessible.%20For%20example%2C%20so%20far%20as%20my%20%3Ci%3EZarathustra%3C%2Fi%3E%20is%20concerned%2C%20I%20don't%20consider%20anyone%20knowledgeable%20about%20it%20who%20has%20not%20at%20some%20time%20or%20another%20been%20deeply%20wounded%20by%20and%20profoundly%20delighted%20with%20every%20word%20in%20it.%20For%20only%20then%20can%20he%20enjoy%20the%20privilege%20of%20sharing%20with%20reverence%20in%20the%20halcyon%20element%20out%20of%20which%20that%20work%20was%20born%2C%20in%20its%20sunny%20clarity%2C%20distance%2C%20breadth%2C%20and%20certainty.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20other%20cases%20the%20aphoristic%20form%20creates%20difficulties%20which%20stem%20from%20the%20fact%20that%20nowadays%20people%20don't%20take%20this%20form%20seriously%20enough.%20An%20aphorism%2C%20properly%20stamped%20and%20poured%2C%20has%20not%20been%20%E2%80%9Cdeciphered%E2%80%9D%20simply%20by%20being%20read.%20It%E2%80%99s%20much%20more%20the%20case%20that%20only%20now%20can%20one%20begin%20to%20explicate%20it%20and%20that%20requires%20an%20art%20of%20interpretation.%20In%20the%20third%20essay%20of%20this%20book%20I%20have%20set%20out%20a%20model%20of%20what%20I%20call%20an%20%E2%80%9Cinterpretation%E2%80%9D%20for%20such%20a%20case.%20In%20this%20essay%20an%20aphorism%20is%20presented%2C%20and%20the%20essay%20itself%20is%20a%20commentary%20on%20it.%20Of%20course%2C%20in%20order%20to%20practice%20this%20style%20of%20reading%20as%20an%20art%2C%20one%20thing%20is%20above%20all%20essential%20something%20that%20today%20has%20been%20thoroughly%20forgotten%20(and%20so%20it%20will%20require%20still%20more%20time%20before%20my%20writings%20are%20%E2%80%9Creadable%E2%80%9D)%20something%20for%20which%20one%20almost%20needs%20to%20be%20a%20cow%2C%20at%20any%20rate%20not%20a%20modern%20man%20rumination.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%200cm%200cm%20324pt%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESils-Maria%2C%20Oberengadin%20July%201887%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cb%3E%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFIRST%20ESSAY%3A%20GOOD%20AND%20EVIL%2C%20GOOD%20AND%20BAD.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22MsoNormal%22%20style%3D%22text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22initialcap%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThese%20English%20psychologists%20whom%20we%20have%20to%20thank%20for%20the%20only%20attempts%20up%20to%20this%20point%20to%20produce%20a%20history%20of%20the%20origins%20of%20morality%20in%20themselves%20they%20serve%20up%20to%20us%20no%20small%20riddle.%20In%20the%20way%20of%20a%20lively%20riddle%2C%20they%20even%20offer%2C%20I%20confess%2C%20something%20substantially%20more%20than%20their%20books%20they%20are%20interesting%20in%20themselves!%20These%20English%20psychologists%20what%20do%20they%20really%20want%3F%20We%20find%20them%2C%20willingly%20or%20unwillingly%2C%20always%20at%20the%20same%20work%2C%20that%20is%2C%20hauling%20the%20%3Ci%3Epartie%20honteuse%20%5Bshameful%20part%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20of%20our%20inner%20world%20into%20the%20foreground%2C%20in%20order%20to%20look%20right%20there%20for%20the%20truly%20effective%20and%20operative%20force%20which%20has%20determined%20our%20development%2C%20the%20very%20place%20where%20man%E2%80%99s%20intellectual%20pride%20least%20wishes%20to%20find%20it%20(for%20example%2C%20in%20the%20%3Ci%3Evis%20inertiae%20%5Bforce%20of%20inertia%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20of%20habit%20or%20in%20forgetfulness%20or%20in%20a%20blind%2C%20contingent%2C%20mechanical%20joining%20of%20ideas%20or%20in%20something%20else%20purely%20passive%2C%20automatic%2C%20reflex%2C%20molecular%2C%20and%20completely%20stupid)%20what%20is%20it%20that%20really%20drives%20these%20psychologists%20always%20in%20this%20particular%20direction%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIs%20it%20a%20secret%2C%20malicious%2C%20common%20instinct%20(perhaps%20one%20which%20is%20self-deceiving)%20for%20belittling%20humanity%3F%20Or%20something%20like%20a%20pessimistic%20suspicion%2C%20the%20mistrust%20of%20idealists%20who%E2%80%99ve%20become%20disappointed%2C%20gloomy%2C%20venomous%2C%20and%20green.%20Or%20a%20small%20underground%20hostility%20and%20rancour%20towards%20Christianity%20(and%20Plato)%2C%20which%20perhaps%20has%20never%20once%20managed%20to%20cross%20the%20threshold%20of%20consciousness%3F%20Or%20even%20a%20lecherous%20taste%20for%20what%20is%20odd%20or%20painfully%20paradoxical%2C%20for%20what%20in%20existence%20is%20questionable%20and%20ridiculous%3F%20Or%20finally%20a%20bit%20of%20all%20of%20these%20a%20little%20vulgarity%2C%20a%20little%20gloominess%2C%20a%20little%20hostility%20to%20Christianity%2C%20a%20little%20thrill%2C%20and%20a%20need%20for%20pepper%3F...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20people%20tell%20me%20that%20these%20men%20are%20simply%20old%2C%20cold%2C%20boring%20frogs%2C%20who%20creep%20and%20hop%20around%20people%20as%20if%20they%20were%20in%20their%20own%20proper%20element%2C%20that%20is%2C%20in%20a%20swamp.%20I%20resist%20that%20idea%20when%20I%20hear%20it.%20What%E2%80%99s%20more%2C%20I%20don%E2%80%99t%20believe%20it.%20And%20if%20one%20is%20permitted%20to%20hope%20where%20one%20cannot%20know%2C%20then%20I%20hope%20from%20my%20heart%20that%20the%20situation%20with%20these%20men%20could%20be%20reversed%2C%20that%20these%20investigators%20peering%20at%20the%20soul%20through%20their%20microscopes%20could%20be%20thoroughly%20brave%2C%20generous%2C%20and%20proud%20animals%2C%20who%20know%20how%20to%20control%20their%20hearts%20and%20their%20pain%20and%20who%20have%20educated%20themselves%20to%20sacrifice%20everything%20desirable%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20the%20truth%2C%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20every%20truth%2C%20even%20the%20simple%2C%20the%20bitter%2C%20the%20hateful%2C%20the%20repellent%2C%20the%20unchristian%2C%20the%20unmoral%20truth.%20.%20.%20.%20For%20there%20are%20such%20truths.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESo%20all%20respect%20to%20the%20good%20spirits%20that%20may%20govern%20in%20these%20historians%20of%20morality!%20But%20it%E2%80%99s%20certainly%20a%20pity%20that%20they%20lack%20the%20historical%20spirit%20itself%2C%20that%20they%E2%80%99ve%20been%20left%20in%20the%20lurch%20by%20all%20the%20good%20spirits%20of%20history!%20Collectively%20they%20all%20think%20essentially%20unhistorically%2C%20in%20what%20is%20now%20the%20traditional%20manner%20of%20philosophers.%20Of%20that%20there%20is%20no%20doubt.%20The%20incompetence%20of%20their%20genealogies%20of%20morals%20reveals%20itself%20at%20the%20very%20beginning%2C%20where%20the%20issue%20is%20to%20determine%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20idea%20and%20of%20the%20judgment%20%E2%80%9Cgood.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CPeople%2C%E2%80%9D%20so%20they%20proclaim%2C%20%E2%80%9Coriginally%20praised%20unegoistic%20actions%20and%20called%20them%20good%20from%20the%20perspective%20of%20those%20for%20whom%20they%20were%20done%2C%20that%20is%2C%20those%20for%20whom%20such%20actions%20were%20useful.%20Later%20people%20forgot%20how%20this%20praise%20began%2C%20and%20because%20unegoistic%20actions%20had%2C%20according%20to%20custom%2C%20always%20been%20praised%20as%20good%2C%20people%20then%20simply%20felt%20them%20as%20good%2C%20as%20if%20they%20were%20something%20inherently%20good.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20see%20right%20away%20that%20this%20initial%20derivation%20already%20contains%20all%20the%20typical%20characteristics%20of%20the%20idiosyncrasies%20of%20English%20psychologists%20we%20have%20%E2%80%9Cusefulness%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cforgetting%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Chabit%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20finally%20%E2%80%9Cerror%2C%E2%80%9D%20all%20as%20the%20foundation%20for%20an%20evaluation%20in%20which%20the%20higher%20man%20up%20to%20this%20time%20has%20taken%20pride%2C%20as%20if%20it%20were%20a%20sort%20of%20privilege%20of%20men%20generally.%20This%20pride%20should%20be%20humbled%2C%20this%20evaluation%20of%20worth%20emptied%20of%20value.%20Has%20that%20been%20achieved%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENow%2C%20first%20of%20all%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20obvious%20to%20me%20that%20from%20this%20theory%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20idea%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20has%20been%20sought%20for%20and%20established%20in%20the%20wrong%20place%3A%20the%20judgment%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20did%20not%20move%20here%20from%20those%20to%20whom%20%E2%80%9Cgoodness%E2%80%9D%20was%20shown!%20It%20is%20much%20more%20that%20case%20that%20the%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20people%E2%80%9D%20themselves%2C%20that%20is%2C%20the%20noble%2C%20powerful%2C%20higher-ranking%2C%20and%20higher-thinking%20people%20felt%20and%20set%20themselves%20and%20their%20actions%20up%20as%20good%2C%20that%20is%20to%20say%2C%20of%20the%20first%20rank%2C%20in%20contrast%20to%20everything%20low%2C%20low-minded%2C%20common%2C%20and%20vulgar.%20From%20this%20pathos%20of%20distance%20they%20first%20arrogated%20to%20themselves%20the%20right%20to%20create%20values%2C%20to%20stamp%20out%20the%20names%20for%20values.%20What%20did%20they%20care%20about%20usefulness!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20relation%20to%20such%20a%20hot%20pouring%20out%20of%20the%20highest%20rank-ordering%2C%20rank-setting%20judgments%20of%20value%2C%20the%20point%20of%20view%20which%20considers%20utility%20is%20as%20foreign%20and%20inappropriate%20as%20possible.%20Here%20the%20feeling%20has%20reached%20the%20opposite%20of%20that%20low%20level%20of%20warmth%20which%20is%20a%20condition%20for%20that%20calculating%20shrewdness%2C%20that%20calculation%20by%20utility%20and%20not%20just%20for%20a%20moment%2C%20not%20for%20an%20exceptional%20hour%2C%20but%20permanently.%20The%20pathos%20of%20nobility%20and%20distance%2C%20as%20mentioned%2C%20the%20lasting%20and%20domineering%20feeling%2C%20something%20total%20and%20complete%2C%20of%20a%20higher%20ruling%20nature%20in%20relation%20to%20a%20lower%20nature%2C%20to%20a%20%E2%80%9Cbeneath%E2%80%9D%20that%20is%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20opposition%20between%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cbad.%E2%80%9D%20(The%20right%20of%20the%20master%20to%20give%20names%20extends%20so%20far%20that%20we%20could%20permit%20ourselves%20to%20grasp%20the%20origin%20of%20language%20itself%20as%20an%20expression%20of%20the%20power%20of%20the%20rulers%3A%20they%20say%20%E2%80%9Cthat%20is%20such%20and%20such%2C%E2%80%9D%20seal%20every%20object%20and%20event%20with%20a%20sound%20and%2C%20in%20the%20process%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%20take%20possession%20of%20it.)%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EGiven%20this%20origin%2C%20the%20word%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20was%20not%20in%20any%20way%20necessarily%20tied%20up%20with%20%E2%80%9Cunegoistic%E2%80%9D%20actions%2C%20as%20it%20is%20in%20the%20superstitions%20of%20those%20genealogists%20of%20morality.%20Rather%2C%20that%20occurs%20for%20the%20first%20time%20with%20the%20collapse%20of%20aristocratic%20value%20judgments%2C%20when%20this%20entire%20contrast%20between%20%E2%80%9Cegoistic%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cunegoistic%E2%80%9D%20pressed%20itself%20ever%20more%20strongly%20into%20human%20awareness%20it%20is%2C%20to%20use%20my%20own%20words%2C%20the%20instinct%20of%20the%20herd%20which%2C%20through%20this%20contrast%2C%20finally%20gets%20its%20word%20(and%20its%20words).%20And%20even%20so%2C%20it%20took%20a%20long%20time%20until%20this%20instinct%20in%20the%20masses%20became%20master%2C%20with%20the%20result%20that%20moral%20evaluation%20got%20thoroughly%20hung%20up%20and%20bogged%20down%20on%20this%20opposition%20(as%20is%20the%20case%2C%20for%20example%2C%20in%20modern%20Europe%3A%20today%20the%20prejudice%20that%20takes%20%E2%80%9Cmoralistic%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cunegoistic%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Ed%C3%A9sint%C3%A9ress%C3%A9%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bdisinterested%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20as%20equally%20valuable%20ideas%20already%20governs%2C%20with%20the%20force%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Cfixed%20idea%E2%80%9D%20and%20a%20disease%20of%20the%20brain).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESecondly%2C%20however%2C%20and%20quite%20separate%20from%20the%20fact%20that%20this%20hypothesis%20about%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20value%20judgment%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20is%20historically%20untenable%2C%20it%20suffers%20from%20an%20inherent%20psychological%20contradiction.%20The%20utility%20of%20the%20unegoistic%20action%20is%20supposed%20to%20be%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20praise%20it%20receives%2C%20and%20this%20origin%20has%20allegedly%20been%20forgotten%3A%20but%20how%20is%20this%20forgetting%20even%20possible%3F%20Could%20the%20usefulness%20of%20such%20actions%20at%20some%20time%20or%20other%20perhaps%20just%20have%20stopped%3F%20The%20case%20is%20the%20opposite%3A%20this%20utility%20has%20rather%20been%20an%20everyday%20experience%20throughout%20the%20ages%2C%20and%20thus%20something%20that%20has%20always%20been%20constantly%20re-emphasized.%20Hence%2C%20instead%20of%20disappearing%20out%20of%20consciousness%2C%20instead%20of%20becoming%20something%20forgettable%2C%20it%20must%20have%20pressed%20itself%20into%20the%20consciousness%20with%20ever-increasing%20clarity.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHow%20much%20more%20sensible%20is%20the%20contrasting%20theory%20(which%20is%20not%20therefore%20closer%20to%20the%20truth)%2C%20for%20example%2C%20the%20one%20which%20is%20advocated%20by%20Herbert%20Spencer%3A%20he%20proposes%20that%20the%20idea%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20is%20essentially%20the%20same%20as%20the%20idea%20%E2%80%9Cuseful%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9Cfunctional%2C%E2%80%9D%20so%20that%20in%20judgments%20about%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cbad%E2%80%9D%20human%20beings%20sum%20up%20and%20endorse%20the%20experiences%20they%20have%20not%20forgotten%20and%20cannot%20forget%20concerning%20the%20useful-functional%20and%20the%20harmful-useless.%20According%20to%20this%20theory%2C%20good%20is%20something%20which%20has%20always%20proved%20useful%2C%20so%20that%20it%20may%20assert%20its%20validity%20as%20%E2%80%9Cvaluable%20in%20the%20highest%20degree%E2%80%9D%20or%20as%20%E2%80%9Cvaluable%20in%20itself.%E2%80%9D%20This%20path%20to%20an%20explanation%20is%2C%20as%20mentioned%2C%20also%20false%2C%20but%20at%20least%20the%20account%20itself%20is%20sensible%20and%20psychologically%20tenable.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%20was%20given%20a%20hint%20of%20the%20right%20direction%20by%20this%20question%3A%20What%2C%20from%20an%20etymological%20perspective%2C%20do%20the%20meanings%20of%20%E2%80%9CGood%E2%80%9D%20as%20manifested%20in%20different%20languages%20really%20mean%3F%20There%20I%20found%20that%20all%20of%20them%20lead%20back%20to%20the%20same%20transformation%20of%20ideas%2C%20that%20everywhere%20%E2%80%9Cnoble%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9Caristocratic%E2%80%9D%20in%20a%20social%20sense%20is%20the%20fundamental%20idea%20out%20of%20which%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20in%20the%20sense%20of%20%E2%80%9Cspiritually%20noble%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Caristocratic%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cspiritually%20high-minded%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cspiritually%20privileged%E2%80%9D%20necessarily%20develop%20a%20process%20which%20always%20runs%20in%20parallel%20with%20that%20other%20one%20which%20finally%20transforms%20%E2%80%9Ccommon%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cvulgar%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Clow%E2%80%9D%20into%20the%20concept%20%E2%80%9Cbad.%E2%80%9D%20The%20most%20eloquent%20example%20of%20the%20latter%20is%20the%20German%20word%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Eschlect%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%3Ci%3E%5Bbad%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20itself%20which%20is%20identical%20with%20the%20word%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Eschlicht%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bplain%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20compare%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Eschlectweg%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bquite%20simply%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20and%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Eschlechterdings%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bsimply%5D%3C%2Fi%3E.%20Originally%20these%20words%20designated%20the%20plain%2C%20common%20man%2C%20but%20without%20any%20suspicious%20side%20glance%2C%20simply%20in%20contrast%20to%20the%20nobility.%20Around%20the%20time%20of%20the%20Thirty%20Years%20War%20approximately%20hence%20late%20enough%20this%20sense%20changed%20into%20the%20one%20used%20now.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAs%20far%20as%20the%20genealogy%20of%20morals%20is%20concerned%2C%20this%20point%20strikes%20me%20as%20a%20fundamental%20insight%20that%20it%20was%20first%20discovered%20so%20late%20we%20can%20ascribe%20to%20the%20repressive%20influence%20which%20democratic%20prejudice%20in%20the%20modern%20world%20exercises%20over%20all%20questions%20of%20origin.%20And%20this%20occurs%20in%20what%20appears%20to%20be%20the%20most%20objective%20realm%20of%20natural%20science%20and%20physiology%2C%20a%20point%20which%20I%20can%20only%20hint%20at%20here.%20But%20the%20sort%20of%20mischief%20this%20prejudice%20can%20cause%2C%20once%20it%20has%20become%20unleashed%20as%20hatred%2C%20particularly%20where%20morality%20and%20history%20are%20concerned%2C%20is%20revealed%20in%20the%20well-known%20case%20of%20Buckle%3A%20the%20plebeian%20nature%20of%20the%20modern%20spirit%2C%20which%20originated%20in%20England%2C%20broke%20out%20once%20again%20on%20its%20home%20turf%2C%20as%20violently%20as%20a%20muddy%20volcano%20and%20with%20the%20same%20salty%2C%20overloud%2C%20and%20common%20eloquence%20with%20which%20all%20previous%20volcanoes%20have%20spoken.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWith%20respect%20to%20our%20problem%20which%20for%20good%20reasons%20we%20can%20call%20a%20quiet%20problem%2C%20so%20refined%20that%20it%20directs%20itself%20only%20at%20a%20few%20ears%20there%20is%20no%20little%20interest%20in%20establishing%20the%20point%20that%20often%20in%20those%20words%20and%20roots%20which%20designate%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20there%20still%20shines%20through%20the%20main%20nuance%20of%20what%20made%20the%20nobility%20feel%20they%20were%20men%20of%20higher%20rank.%20It%E2%80%99s%20true%20that%20in%20most%20cases%20they%20perhaps%20named%20themselves%20simply%20after%20their%20superiority%20in%20power%20(as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20powerful%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20masters%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cthose%20in%20command%E2%80%9D)%20or%20after%20the%20most%20visible%20sign%20of%20their%20superiority%2C%20for%20example%2C%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20rich%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20owners%E2%80%9D%20(that%20is%20the%20meaning%20of%20%3Ci%3Earya%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20and%20the%20corresponding%20words%20in%20Iranian%20and%20Slavic).%20But%20they%20also%20named%20themselves%20after%20a%20typical%20characteristic%2C%20and%20that%20is%20the%20case%20which%20is%20our%20concern%20here.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%20instance%2C%20they%20called%20themselves%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20truthful%E2%80%9D%20above%20all%20the%20Greek%20nobility%2C%20whose%20mouthpiece%20is%20the%20Megarian%20poet%20Theogonis.%20The%20word%20developed%20for%20this%20characteristic%20%3Ci%3Eesthlos%20%5Bfine%2C%20noble%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20indicates%2C%20according%20to%20its%20root%20meaning%2C%20a%20man%20who%20is%2C%20who%20possess%20reality%2C%20who%20really%20exists.%20Then%2C%20with%20a%20subjective%20transformation%2C%20it%20indicates%20the%20true%20man%20as%20the%20truthful%20man.%20In%20this%20phase%20of%20conceptual%20transformation%20it%20became%20the%20slogan%20and%20catch%20phrase%20for%20the%20nobility%2C%20and%20its%20sense%20shifted%20entirely%20over%20to%20%E2%80%9Caristocratic%2C%E2%80%9D%20to%20mark%20a%20distinction%20from%20the%20lying%20common%20man%2C%20as%20Theogonis%20takes%20and%20presents%20him%2C%20until%20finally%2C%20after%20the%20decline%20of%20the%20nobility%2C%20the%20word%20remains%20as%20a%20designation%20of%20spiritual%20nobility%20and%20becomes%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%26nbsp%3B%20ripe%20and%20sweet.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20the%20word%20%3Ci%3Ekakos%20%5Bweak%2C%20worthless%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20as%20in%20the%20word%20%3Ci%3Edeilos%20%5Bcowardly%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20(the%20plebeian%20in%20contrast%20to%20the%20%3Ci%3Eagathos%20%5Bgood%2C%20excellent%5D%3C%2Fi%3E)%20the%20cowardice%20is%20emphasized.%20This%20perhaps%20provides%20a%20hint%20about%20the%20direction%20in%20which%20we%20have%20to%20seek%20the%20etymological%20origin%20for%20the%20multiple%20meanings%20of%20%3Ci%3Eagathos%3C%2Fi%3E.%20In%20the%20Latin%20word%20%3Ci%3Emalus%20%5Bbad%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20(which%20I%20place%20alongside%20%3Ci%3Emelas%20%5Bblack%5D%3C%2Fi%3E)%20the%20common%20man%20could%20be%20designated%20as%20the%20dark-coloured%2C%20above%20all%20as%20the%20dark-haired%20(%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Ehic%20niger%20est%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5B%E2%80%9Cthis%20man%20is%20black%E2%80%9D%5D%3C%2Fi%3E)%2C%20as%20the%20pre-Aryan%20inhabitant%20of%20Italian%20soil%2C%20who%20stood%20out%20from%20those%20who%20became%20dominant%2C%20the%20blonds%2C%20that%20is%2C%20the%20conquering%20race%20of%20Aryans%2C%20most%20clearly%20through%20this%20colour.%20At%20any%20rate%2C%20the%20Gaelic%20race%20offers%20me%20an%20exactly%20corresponding%20example.%20The%20word%20%3Ci%3Efin%3C%2Fi%3E%20(for%20example%2C%20in%20the%20name%20%3Ci%3EFin-Gal%3C%2Fi%3E)%2C%20the%20term%20designating%20nobility%20and%20finally%20the%20good%2C%20noble%2C%20and%20pure%2C%20originally%20referred%20to%20the%20blond-headed%20man%20in%20contrast%20to%20the%20dusky%2C%20dark-haired%20original%20inhabitants.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIncidentally%2C%20the%20Celts%20were%20a%20thoroughly%20blond%20race.%20People%20are%20wrong%20when%20they%20link%20the%20traces%20of%20a%20basically%20dark-haired%20population%2C%20which%20are%20noticeable%20on%20the%20carefully%20prepared%20ethnographic%20maps%20of%20Germany%2C%20with%20any%20Celtic%20origin%20and%20mixing%20of%20blood%2C%20as%20Virchow%20does.%20It%20is%20much%20rather%20the%20case%20that%20in%20these%20places%20the%20pre-Aryan%20population%20of%20Germany%20emerged.%20(The%20same%20is%20true%20for%20almost%20all%20of%20Europe%3A%20essentially%20the%20conquered%20races%20finally%20attained%20the%20upper%20hand%20for%20themselves%20once%20again%20in%20colour%2C%20shortness%20of%20skull%2C%20perhaps%20even%20in%20the%20intellectual%20and%20social%20instincts.%20Who%20can%20confirm%20for%20us%20that%20modern%20democracy%2C%20the%20even%20more%20modern%20anarchism%2C%20and%20indeed%20that%20preference%20for%20the%20%E2%80%9CCommune%2C%E2%80%9D%20for%20the%20primitive%20form%20of%20society%2C%20which%20all%20European%20socialists%20now%20share%2C%20does%20not%20indicate%20a%20monstrous%20counter-attack%20and%20that%20the%20ruling%20and%20master%20race%2C%20the%20Aryans%2C%20is%20not%20being%20defeated%2C%20even%20physiologically%3F)%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20Latin%20word%20%3Ci%3Ebonus%20%5Bgood%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20I%20believe%20I%20can%20explicate%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20warrior%2C%E2%80%9D%20provided%20that%20I%20am%20correct%20in%20tracing%20%3Ci%3Ebonus%3C%2Fi%3E%20back%20to%20an%20older%20word%20%3Ci%3Eduonus%3C%2Fi%3E%20(compare%20%3Ci%3Ebellum%20%5Bwar%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20%3D%20%3Ci%3Eduellum%20%5Bwar%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20%3D%20%3Ci%3Eduen-lum%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20which%20seems%20to%20me%20to%20contain%20that%20word%20%3Ci%3Eduonus%3C%2Fi%3E).%20Hence%2C%20%3Ci%3Ebonus%3C%2Fi%3E%20as%20a%20man%20of%20war%2C%20of%20division%20(%3Ci%3Eduo%3C%2Fi%3E)%2C%20as%20a%20warrior.%20We%20can%20see%20what%20constituted%20a%20man%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%9Cgoodness%E2%80%9D%20in%20ancient%20Rome.%20What%20about%20our%20German%20word%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3EGut%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bgood%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20itself%3F%20Doesn%E2%80%99t%20it%20indicate%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Eden%20G%C3%B6ttlichen%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bthe%20god-like%20man%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20the%20man%20of%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3E%3Cspan%20style%3D%22color%3A%20black%3B%22%3Eg%C3%B6ttlichen%20Geschlechts%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%3Cspan%20style%3D%22color%3A%20black%3B%22%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5B%E2%80%9Cthe%20generation%20of%20gods%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%3F%20And%20isn%E2%80%99t%20that%20identical%20to%20the%20people%E2%80%99s%20(originally%20the%20nobles%E2%80%99)%20name%20for%20the%20Goths%3F%20The%20basis%20for%20this%20hypothesis%20does%20not%20belong%20here.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22MsoNormal%22%20style%3D%22text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFrom%20this%20rule%20that%20the%20concept%20of%20political%20superiority%20always%20resolves%20itself%20into%20the%20concept%20of%20spiritual%20priority%2C%20it%20is%20not%20really%20an%20exception%20(although%20there%20is%20room%20for%20exceptions)%2C%20when%20the%20highest%20caste%20is%20also%20the%20priest%20caste%20and%20consequently%20for%20its%20total%20range%20of%20meanings%20prefers%20a%20scale%20of%20values%20which%20recalls%20its%20priestly%20function.%20So%2C%20for%20example%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%20the%20words%20%E2%80%9Cpure%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cimpure%E2%80%9D%20appear%20as%20marks%20of%20one%E2%80%99s%20social%20position%20and%20later%20a%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20and%20a%20%E2%80%9Cbad%E2%80%9D%20develop%20which%20no%20longer%20refer%20to%20social%20position.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIncidentally%2C%20people%20should%20be%20warned%20not%20to%20take%20these%20ideas%20of%20%E2%80%9Cpure%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cimpure%E2%80%9D%20from%20the%20outset%20too%20seriously%2C%20too%20broadly%2C%20or%20even%20symbolically.%20All%20the%20ideas%20of%20ancient%20humanity%20are%20initially%20to%20be%20understood%20to%20a%20degree%20we%20can%20hardly%20imagine%2C%20much%20more%20as%20coarse%2C%20crude%2C%20superficial%2C%20narrow%2C%20blunt%20and%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20unsymbolic.%20The%20%E2%80%9Cpure%20man%E2%80%9D%20is%20from%20the%20start%20simply%20a%20man%20who%20washes%20himself%2C%20who%20forbids%20himself%20certain%20foods%20which%20produce%20diseases%20of%20the%20skin%2C%20who%20doesn%E2%80%99t%20sleep%20with%20the%20dirty%20women%20of%20the%20lower%20people%2C%20who%20has%20a%20horror%20of%20blood%20no%20more%2C%20not%20much%20more!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOn%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20from%20the%20very%20nature%20of%20an%20essentially%20priestly%20aristocracy%20it%20is%20clear%20enough%20how%20even%20here%20early%20on%20the%20opposition%20between%20different%20evaluations%20could%20become%20dangerously%20internalized%20and%20sharpened.%20And%20in%20fact%20they%20finally%20ripped%20open%20fissures%20between%20man%20and%20man%2C%20over%20which%20even%20an%20Achilles%20of%20the%20free%20spirit%20could%20not%20cross%20without%20shivering.%20From%20the%20very%20beginning%20there%20is%20something%20unhealthy%20about%20such%20priestly%20aristocracies%20and%20about%20the%20customary%20attitudes%20which%20govern%20in%20them%2C%20which%20turn%20away%20from%20action%2C%20sometimes%20brooding%2C%20sometimes%20exploding%20with%20emotion%2C%20as%20a%20result%20of%20which%20in%20the%20priests%20of%20almost%20all%20ages%20there%20have%20appeared%20almost%20unavoidably%20debilitating%20intestinal%20illness%20and%20neurasthenia.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20what%20they%20themselves%20came%20up%20with%20as%20a%20remedy%20for%20this%20pathological%20disease%20surely%20we%20can%20assert%20that%20it%20has%20finally%20shown%20itself%2C%20through%20its%20effects%2C%20as%20even%20a%20hundred%20times%20more%20dangerous%20than%20the%20illness%20for%20which%20it%20was%20meant%20to%20provide%20relief.%20Human%20beings%20are%20still%20sick%20from%20the%20after-effects%20of%20this%20priestly%20na%C3%AFvet%C3%A9%20in%20healing!%20Let%E2%80%99s%20think%2C%20for%20example%2C%20of%20certain%20forms%20of%20diet%20(avoiding%20meat)%2C%20of%20fasting%2C%20of%20celibacy%2C%20of%20the%20flight%20%E2%80%9Cinto%20the%20desert%E2%80%9D%20(Weir%20Mitchell%E2%80%99s%20isolation%2C%20but%20naturally%20without%20the%20fattening%20up%20cure%20and%20overeating%20which%20follow%20it%20a%20treatment%20which%20constitutes%20the%20most%20effective%20treatment%20for%20all%20hysteria%20induced%20by%20the%20ideals%20of%20asceticism)%3A%20consider%20also%20the%20whole%20metaphysic%20of%20the%20priests%20so%20hostile%20to%20the%20senses%2C%20making%20men%20so%20lazy%20and%20sophisticated%20or%20the%20way%20they%20hypnotize%20themselves%20in%20the%20manner%20of%20fakirs%20and%20Brahmins%20Brahmanism%20employed%20as%20a%20glass%20head%20and%20a%20fixed%20idea.%20Consider%20finally%20the%20only%20too%20understandable%20and%20common%20dissatisfaction%20with%20its%20radical%20cure%2C%20with%20nothingness%20(or%20God%20the%20desire%20for%20a%20%3Ci%3Eunio%20mystica%20%5Bmystical%20union%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20with%20God%20is%20the%20desire%20of%20the%20Buddhist%20for%20nothingness%2C%20nirvana%20nothing%20more!).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAmong%20the%20priests%2C%20everything%20mentioned%20above%20becomes%20more%20dangerous%20not%20only%20the%20remedies%20and%20arts%20of%20healing%2C%20but%20also%20pride%2C%20vengeance%2C%20mental%20acuity%2C%20excess%2C%20love%2C%20thirst%20for%20power%2C%20virtue%2C%20illness%20although%20it%E2%80%99s%20fair%20enough%20to%20add%20that%20on%20the%20foundation%20of%20this%20basically%20dangerous%20form%20of%20human%20existence%2C%20the%20priest%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%20the%20human%20being%20became%2C%20in%20general%2C%20an%20interesting%20animal%2C%20that%20here%20the%20human%20soul%20first%20attained%20depth%20in%20a%20higher%20sense%20and%20became%20evil%20and%2C%20indeed%2C%20these%20are%20the%20two%20fundamental%20reasons%20for%20humanity%E2%80%99s%20superiority%2C%20up%20to%20now%2C%20over%20other%20animals.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EYou%20will%20have%20already%20guessed%20how%20easily%20the%20priestly%20way%20of%20evaluating%20could%20split%20from%20the%20knightly-aristocratic%20and%20then%20continue%20to%20develop%20into%20its%20opposite.%20Such%20a%20development%20receives%20a%20special%20stimulus%20every%20time%20the%20priest%20caste%20and%20the%20warrior%20caste%20confront%20each%20other%20jealously%20and%20are%20not%20willing%20to%20agree%20about%20the%20winner.%20The%20knightly-aristocratic%20judgments%20of%20value%20have%20as%20their%20basic%20assumption%20a%20powerful%20physicality%2C%20a%20blooming%2C%20rich%2C%20even%20overflowing%20health%2C%20together%20with%20those%20things%20which%20are%20required%20to%20maintain%20these%20qualities%20war%2C%20adventure%2C%20hunting%2C%20dancing%2C%20war%20games%2C%20and%20in%20general%20everything%20which%20involves%20strong%2C%20free%2C%20happy%20action.%20The%20priestly-noble%20method%20of%20evaluating%20has%2C%20as%20we%20saw%2C%20other%20preconditions%3A%20these%20make%20it%20difficult%20enough%20for%20them%20when%20it%20comes%20to%20war!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAs%20is%20well%20known%2C%20priests%20are%20the%20most%20evil%20of%20enemies%20but%20why%3F%20Because%20they%20are%20the%20most%20powerless.%20From%20their%20powerlessness%2C%20their%20hate%20grows%20into%20something%20immense%20and%20terrifying%2C%20to%20the%20most%20spiritual%20and%20most%20poisonous%20manifestations.%20Those%20who%20have%20been%20the%20greatest%20haters%20in%20world%20history%20and%20the%20most%20spiritually%20rich%20haters%20have%20always%20been%20the%20priests%20in%20comparison%20with%20the%20spirit%20of%20priestly%20revenge%20all%20the%20remaining%20spirits%20are%2C%20in%20general%2C%20hardly%20worth%20considering.%20Human%20history%20would%20be%20a%20really%20stupid%20affair%20without%20that%20spirit%20which%20entered%20it%20from%20the%20powerless.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%20us%20quickly%20consider%20the%20greatest%20example.%20Everything%20on%20earth%20which%20has%20been%20done%20against%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20nobility%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20powerful%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20masters%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20possessors%20of%20power%E2%80%9D%20is%20not%20worth%20mentioning%20in%20comparison%20with%20what%20the%20Jews%20have%20done%20against%20them%20the%20Jews%2C%20that%20priestly%20people%20who%20knew%20how%20to%20get%20final%20satisfaction%20from%20their%20enemies%20and%20conquerors%20through%20a%20radical%20transformation%20of%20their%20values%2C%20that%20is%2C%20through%20an%20act%20of%20the%20most%20spiritual%20revenge.%20This%20was%20appropriate%20only%20to%20a%20priestly%20people%20with%20the%20most%20deeply%20rooted%20priestly%20desire%20for%20revenge.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20opposition%20to%20the%20aristocratic%20value%20equations%20(good%20%3D%20noble%20%3D%20powerful%20%3D%20beautiful%20%3D%20fortunate%20%3D%20loved%20by%20god)%2C%20the%20Jews%2C%20with%20a%20consistency%20inspiring%20fear%2C%20dared%20to%20reverse%20it%20and%20to%20hang%20on%20to%20that%20with%20the%20teeth%20of%20the%20most%20profound%20hatred%20(the%20hatred%20of%20the%20powerless)%2C%20that%20is%2C%20to%20%E2%80%9Conly%20those%20who%20suffer%20are%20good%3B%20the%20poor%2C%20the%20powerless%2C%20the%20low%20are%20the%20only%20good%20people%3B%20the%20suffering%2C%20those%20in%20need%2C%20the%20sick%2C%20the%20ugly%20are%20also%20the%20only%20pious%20people%3B%20only%20they%20are%20blessed%20by%20God%3B%20for%20them%20alone%20there%20is%20salvation.%20By%20contrast%2C%20you%20privileged%20and%20powerful%20people%2C%20you%20are%20for%20all%20eternity%20the%20evil%2C%20the%20cruel%2C%20the%20lecherous%2C%20the%20insatiable%2C%20the%20godless%20you%20will%20also%20be%20the%20unblessed%2C%20the%20cursed%2C%20and%20the%20damned%20for%20all%20eternity!%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.%20We%20know%20who%20inherited%20this%20Judaic%20transformation%20of%20values...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20connection%20with%20that%20huge%20and%20immeasurably%20disastrous%20initiative%20which%20the%20Jews%20launched%20with%20this%20most%20fundamental%20of%20all%20declarations%20of%20war%2C%20I%20recall%20the%20sentence%20I%20wrote%20at%20another%20time%20(in%20%3Ci%3EBeyond%20Good%20and%20Evil%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20p.%20118)%20namely%2C%20that%20with%20the%20Jews%20the%20slave%20condition%20in%20morality%20begins%3A%20that%20condition%20which%20has%20a%20two-thousand-year-old%20history%20behind%20it%20and%20which%20we%20nowadays%20no%20longer%20notice%20because%20it%20has%20triumphed.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20you%20fail%20to%20understand%20that%3F%20You%20have%20no%20eye%20for%20something%20that%20needed%20two%20millennia%20to%20emerge%20victorious%3F%20.%20.%20.%20That%E2%80%99s%20nothing%20to%20wonder%20at%3A%20all%20lengthy%20things%20are%20hard%20to%20see%2C%20to%20assess.%20However%2C%20that%E2%80%99s%20what%20took%20place%3A%20out%20of%20the%20trunk%20of%20that%20tree%20of%20vengeance%20and%20hatred%2C%20Jewish%20hatred%20the%20deepest%20and%20most%20sublime%20hatred%2C%20that%20is%2C%20a%20hatred%20which%20creates%20ideals%20and%20transforms%20values%2C%20something%20whose%20like%20has%20never%20been%20seen%20on%20earth%20from%20that%20grew%20something%20just%20as%20incomparable%2C%20a%20new%20love%2C%20the%20deepest%20and%20most%20sublime%20of%20all%20the%20forms%20of%20love.%20From%20what%20other%20trunk%20could%20that%20have%20grown%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHowever%2C%20you%20must%20not%20make%20the%20mistake%20of%20thinking%20that%20this%20love%20arose%20essentially%20as%20the%20denial%20of%20that%20thirst%20for%20vengeance%2C%20as%20the%20opposite%20of%20Jewish%20hatred.%20No.%20The%20reverse%20is%20the%20truth!%20This%20love%20grew%20out%20of%20that%20hatred%2C%20as%20its%20crown%2C%20as%20the%20victorious%20crown%20extending%20itself%20wider%20and%20wider%20in%20the%20purest%20brightness%20and%20sunshine%2C%20which%2C%20so%20to%20speak%2C%20was%20seeking%20for%20the%20kingdom%20of%20light%20and%20height%2C%20the%20goal%20of%20that%20hate%20aiming%20for%20victory%2C%20trophies%2C%20seduction%2C%20with%20the%20same%20urgency%20with%20which%20the%20roots%20of%20that%20hatred%20were%20sinking%20down%20ever%20deeper%20and%20more%20greedily%20into%20everything%20deep%20and%20evil.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETake%20this%20Jesus%20of%20Nazareth%2C%20the%20bodily%20evangelist%20of%20love%2C%20the%20%E2%80%9CSaviour%2C%E2%80%9D%20who%20brought%20holiness%20and%20victory%20to%20the%20poor%2C%20to%20the%20sick%2C%20to%20the%20sinners.%20Was%20he%20not%20in%20fact%20seduction%20in%20its%20most%20terrible%20and%20irresistible%20form%2C%20the%20seduction%20and%20detour%20to%20exactly%20those%20Judaic%20values%20and%20new%20ideals%3F%20Didn%E2%80%99t%20Israel%20in%20fact%20attain%2C%20with%20the%20detour%20of%20this%20%E2%80%9CSaviour%2C%E2%80%9D%20with%20this%20apparent%20enemy%20to%20and%20dissolver%20of%20Israel%2C%20the%20final%20goal%20of%20its%20sublime%20thirst%20for%20vengeance%3F%20Isn%E2%80%99t%20it%20part%20of%20the%20secret%20black%20art%20of%20a%20truly%20great%20politics%20of%20vengeance%2C%20a%20far-sighted%2C%20underground%2C%20slowly%20expropriating%2C%20and%20premeditated%20revenge%2C%20that%20Israel%20itself%20had%20to%20disown%20and%20nail%20to%20the%20cross%2C%20like%20some%20mortal%20enemy%2C%20the%20tool%20essential%20to%20its%20revenge%20before%20all%20the%20world%2C%20so%20that%20%E2%80%9Call%20the%20world%2C%E2%80%9D%20that%20is%2C%20all%20Israel%E2%80%99s%20enemies%2C%20could%20then%20swallow%20this%20bait%20without%20a%20second%20thought%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOn%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20could%20anyone%2C%20using%20the%20full%20subtlety%20of%20his%20mind%2C%20imagine%20a%20more%20dangerous%20bait%3F%20Something%20to%20match%20the%20enticing%2C%20intoxicating%2C%20narcotizing%2C%20corrupting%20power%20of%20that%20symbol%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Choly%20cross%2C%E2%80%9D%20that%20ghastly%20paradox%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Cgod%20on%20the%20cross%2C%E2%80%9D%20that%20mystery%20of%20an%20unimaginable%20and%20ultimate%20final%20cruelty%20and%20self-crucifixion%20of%20god%20for%20the%20salvation%20of%20mankind%3F%20At%20least%20it%20is%20certain%20that%20%3Ci%3Esub%20hoc%20signo%20%5Bunder%20this%20sign%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20Israel%2C%20with%20its%20vengeance%20and%20revaluation%20of%20the%20worth%20of%20all%20other%20previous%20values%2C%20has%20triumphed%20again%20and%20again%20over%20all%20other%20ideals%2C%20over%20all%20nobler%20ideals.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CBut%20what%20are%20you%20doing%20still%20talking%20about%20more%20noble%20ideals!%20Let%E2%80%99s%20look%20at%20the%20facts%3A%20the%20people%20have%20triumphed%20or%20%E2%80%98the%20slaves%2C%E2%80%99%20or%20%E2%80%98the%20rabble%2C%E2%80%99%20or%20%E2%80%98the%20herd%2C%E2%80%99%20or%20whatever%20you%20want%20to%20call%20them%20if%20this%20has%20taken%20place%20because%20of%20the%20Jews%2C%20then%20good%20for%20them!%20No%20people%20had%20a%20more%20world-historical%20mission.%20%E2%80%98The%20masters%E2%80%99%20have%20been%20disposed%20of.%20The%20morality%20of%20the%20common%20man%20has%20won.%20We%20may%20take%20this%20victory%20as%20a%20blood%20poisoning%20(it%20did%20mix%20the%20races%20up)%20I%20don%E2%80%99t%20deny%20that.%20But%20this%20intoxication%20has%20undoubtedly%20been%20successful.%20The%20%E2%80%98Salvation%E2%80%99%20of%20the%20human%20race%20(namely%2C%20from%20%E2%80%98the%20masters%E2%80%99)%20is%20well%20under%20way.%20Everything%20is%20visibly%20turning%20Jewish%20or%20Christian%20or%20plebeian%20(what%20do%20the%20words%20matter!).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20progress%20of%20this%20poison%20through%20the%20entire%20body%20of%20humanity%20seems%20irresistible%20although%20its%20tempo%20and%20pace%20may%20seem%20from%20now%20on%20constantly%20slower%2C%20more%20delicate%2C%20less%20audible%2C%20more%20circumspect%20well%2C%20we%20have%20time%20enough.%20.%20.%20From%20this%20point%20of%20view%2C%20does%20the%20church%20today%20still%20have%20necessary%20work%20to%20do%2C%20does%20it%20really%20have%20a%20right%20to%20exist%3F%20Or%20could%20we%20dispense%20with%20it%3F%20%3Ci%3EQuaeritur%3C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ci%3E%5BThat%E2%80%99s%20a%20question%20to%20be%20asked%5D%3C%2Fi%3E.%20It%20seems%20that%20it%20obstructs%20and%20hinders%20the%20progress%20of%20this%20poison%2C%20instead%20of%20speeding%20it%20up%3F%20Well%2C%20that%20might%20even%20be%20what%20makes%20the%20church%20useful%20.%20.%20.%20Certainly%20the%20church%20is%20something%20positively%20gross%20and%20vulgar%2C%20which%20a%20more%20delicate%20intelligence%2C%20a%20truly%20modern%20taste%20resists.%20Should%20the%20church%20at%20least%20not%20be%20something%20more%20sophisticated%3F%20.%20.%20.%20Today%20the%20church%20alienates%20more%20than%20it%20seduces.%20.%20.%20Who%20among%20us%20would%20really%20be%20a%20free%20spirit%20if%20the%20church%20were%20not%20there%3F%20The%20church%20repels%20us%2C%20not%20its%20poison.%20.%20.%20.%20Apart%20from%20the%20church%2C%20we%20love%20the%20poison.%20.%20.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThis%20is%20the%20epilogue%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Cfree%20thinker%E2%80%9D%20to%20my%20speech%2C%20an%20honest%20animal%2C%20who%20has%20revealed%20himself%20well%20and%20in%20addition%20he%E2%80%99s%20a%20democrat.%20He%20listened%20to%20me%20up%20that%20that%20point%20and%20couldn%E2%80%99t%20bear%20to%20hear%20my%20silence.%20But%20for%20me%20at%20this%20point%20there%20is%20much%20to%20be%20silent%20about.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20slave%20revolt%20in%20morality%20begins%20when%20the%20resentment%20itself%20becomes%20creative%20and%20gives%20birth%20to%20values%3A%20the%20resentment%20of%20those%20beings%20who%20are%20prevented%20from%20a%20genuinely%20active%20reaction%20and%20who%20compensate%20for%20that%20with%20a%20merely%20imaginary%20vengeance.%20While%20all%20noble%20morality%20grows%20out%20of%20a%20triumphant%20self-affirmation%2C%20slave%20morality%20from%20the%20start%20says%20%E2%80%9CNo%E2%80%9D%20to%20what%20is%20%E2%80%9Coutside%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cother%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Ca%20non-self%E2%80%9D.%20And%20this%20%E2%80%9CNo%E2%80%9D%20is%20its%20creative%20act.%20This%20transformation%20of%20the%20glance%20which%20confers%20value%20this%20necessary%20projection%20towards%20what%20is%20outer%20instead%20of%20back%20onto%20itself%20that%20is%20inherent%20in%20resentment.%20In%20order%20to%20arise%2C%20slave%20morality%20always%20requires%20first%20an%20opposing%20world%2C%20a%20world%20outside%20itself.%20Psychologically%20speaking%2C%20it%20needs%20external%20stimuli%20in%20order%20to%20act%20at%20all.%20Its%20action%20is%20basically%20reaction.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20reverse%20is%20the%20case%20with%20the%20noble%20method%20of%20valuing%3A%20it%20acts%20and%20grows%20spontaneously.%20It%20seeks%20its%20opposite%20only%20to%20affirm%20itself%20even%20more%20thankfully%2C%20with%20even%20more%20rejoicing.%20Its%20negative%20concept%20of%20%E2%80%9Clow%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Ccommon%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cbad%E2%80%9D%20is%20only%20a%20pale%20contrasting%20image%20after%20the%20fact%20in%20relation%20to%20its%20positive%20basic%20concept%2C%20thoroughly%20intoxicated%20with%20life%20and%20passion%2C%20%E2%80%9CWe%20are%20noble%2C%20good%2C%20beautiful%2C%20and%20happy!%E2%80%9D%20When%20the%20noble%20way%20of%20evaluating%20makes%20a%20mistake%20and%20abuses%20reality%2C%20that%20happens%20with%20reference%20to%20the%20sphere%20which%20it%20does%20not%20know%20well%20enough%2C%20indeed%2C%20the%20sphere%20it%20has%20strongly%20resisted%20learning%20the%20truth%20about%3A%20under%20certain%20circumstances%20it%20misjudges%20the%20sphere%20it%20despises%20the%20sphere%20of%20the%20common%20man%2C%20the%20low%20people.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOn%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20we%20should%20consider%20that%20even%20assuming%20that%20the%20feeling%20of%20contempt%2C%20of%20looking%20down%2C%20or%20of%20looking%20superior%20falsifies%20the%20image%20of%20the%20person%20despised%2C%20such%20distortion%20will%20fall%20short%20by%20a%20long%20way%20of%20the%20distortion%20with%20which%20the%20repressed%20hatred%20and%20vengeance%20of%20the%20powerless%20man%20mistakenly%20assault%20his%20opponent%20naturally%2C%20in%20effigy.%20In%20fact%2C%20in%20contempt%20there%20is%20too%20much%20negligence%2C%20too%20much%20dismissiveness%2C%20too%20much%20looking%20away%20and%20impatience%2C%20all%20mixed%20together%2C%20even%20too%20much%20feeling%20of%20joy%2C%20for%20it%20to%20be%20capable%20of%20converting%20its%20object%20into%20a%20truly%20distorted%20monster.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20should%20not%20fail%20to%20hear%20the%20almost%20benevolent%20nuances%20which%20for%20a%20Greek%20noble%2C%20for%20example%2C%20lay%20in%20all%20the%20words%20with%20which%20he%20set%20himself%20above%20the%20lower%20people%20how%20a%20constant%20form%20of%20pity%2C%20consideration%2C%20and%20forbearance%20is%20mixed%20in%20there%2C%20sweetening%20the%20words%2C%20to%20the%20point%20where%20almost%20all%20words%20which%20refer%20to%20the%20common%20man%20finally%20remain%20as%20expressions%20for%20%E2%80%9Cunhappy%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cworthy%20of%20pity%E2%80%9D%20(compare%20%3Ci%3Edeilos%20%5Bcowardly%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Edeilaios%20%5Blowly%2C%20mean%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Eponeros%20%5Boppressed%20by%20toil%2C%20wretched%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Emochtheros%20%5Bsuffering%2C%20wretched%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20the%20last%20two%20basically%20designating%20the%20common%20man%20as%20a%20slave%20worker%20and%20beast%20of%20burden).%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20for%20the%20Greek%20ear%20the%20words%20%E2%80%9Cbad%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Clow%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cunhappy%E2%80%9D%20have%20never%20stopped%20echoing%20a%20single%20note%2C%20one%20tone%20colour%2C%20in%20which%20%E2%80%9Cunhappy%E2%80%9D%20predominates.%20That%20is%20the%20inheritance%20of%20the%20old%2C%20noble%2C%20aristocratic%20way%20of%20evaluating%2C%20which%20does%20not%20betray%20its%20principles%20even%20in%20contempt.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E(Philologists%20might%20recall%20the%20sense%20in%20which%20%3Ci%3Eoizuros%20%5Bmiserable%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Eanolbos%20%5Bunblessed%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Etlemon%20%5Bwretched%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Edustychein%20%5Bunfortunate%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Exymfora%20%5Bmisfortune%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20were%20used).%20The%20%E2%80%9Cwell%20born%E2%80%9D%20felt%20that%20they%20were%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20happy%20ones%E2%80%9D%3B%20they%20did%20not%20have%20to%20construct%20their%20happiness%20artificially%20first%20by%20looking%20at%20their%20enemies%2C%20or%20in%20some%20circumstance%20to%20talk%20themselves%20into%20it%2C%20to%20lie%20to%20themselves%20(the%20way%20all%20men%20of%20resentment%20habitually%20do).%20Similarly%20they%20knew%2C%20as%20complete%20men%2C%20overloaded%20with%20power%20and%20thus%20necessarily%20active%2C%20they%20must%20not%20separate%20action%20from%20happiness.%20They%20considered%20being%20active%20necessarily%20associated%20with%20happiness%20(that%E2%80%99s%20where%20the%20phrase%20%3Ci%3Eeu%20prattein%20%5Bdo%20well%2C%20succeed%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20derives%20its%20origin)%20all%20this%20is%20very%20much%20the%20opposite%20of%20%E2%80%9Chappiness%E2%80%9D%20at%20the%20level%20of%20the%20powerless%2C%20the%20oppressed%2C%20those%20festering%20with%20poisonous%20and%20hostile%20feelings%2C%20among%20whom%20happiness%20comes%20out%20essentially%20as%20a%20narcotic%2C%20an%20anesthetic%2C%20quiet%2C%20peace%2C%20%E2%80%9CSabbath%E2%80%9D%2C%20relaxing%20the%20soul%2C%20stretching%20one%E2%80%99s%20limbs%2C%20in%20short%2C%20as%20something%20passive.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhile%20the%20noble%20man%20lives%20for%20himself%20with%20trust%20and%20candour%20(%3Ci%3Egennaios%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20meaning%20%E2%80%9Cof%20noble%20birth%E2%80%9D%20stresses%20the%20nuance%20%E2%80%9Cupright%E2%80%9D%20and%20also%20probably%20%E2%80%9Cna%C3%AFve%E2%80%9D)%3B%20the%20man%20of%20resentment%20is%20neither%20upright%20nor%20na%C3%AFve%2C%20nor%20honest%20and%20direct%20with%20himself.%20His%20soul%20squints.%20His%20spirit%20loves%20hiding%20places%2C%20secret%20paths%2C%20and%20back%20doors.%20Everything%20furtive%20attracts%20him%20as%20his%20world%2C%20his%20security%2C%20his%20refreshment.%20He%20understands%20about%20remaining%20silent%2C%20not%20forgetting%2C%20waiting%2C%20temporarily%20diminishing%20himself%2C%20humiliating%20himself.%20A%20race%20of%20such%20men%20of%20resentment%20will%20necessarily%20end%20up%20cleverer%20than%20any%20noble%20race.%20It%20will%20value%20cleverness%20to%20a%20very%20different%20extent%2C%20that%20is%2C%20as%20a%20condition%20of%20existence%20of%20the%20utmost%20importance%3B%20whereas%2C%20cleverness%20among%20noble%20men%20easily%20acquires%20a%20delicate%20aftertaste%20of%20luxury%20and%20sophistication%20about%20it.%20Here%20it%20is%20not%20nearly%20so%20important%20as%20the%20complete%20certainly%20of%20the%20ruling%20unconscious%20instincts%20or%20even%20a%20certain%20lack%20of%20cleverness%2C%20something%20like%20brave%20recklessness%2C%20whether%20in%20the%20face%20of%20danger%20or%20of%20an%20enemy%2C%20or%20wildly%20enthusiastic%2C%20sudden%20fits%20of%20anger%2C%20love%2C%20reverence%2C%20thankfulness%2C%20and%20vengefulness%2C%20by%20which%20in%20all%20ages%20noble%20souls%20have%20recognized%20each%20other.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20resentment%20of%20the%20noble%20man%20himself%2C%20if%20it%20comes%20over%20him%2C%20consumes%20and%20exhausts%20itself%20in%20an%20immediate%20reaction%20and%20therefore%20does%20not%20poison.%20On%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20in%20countless%20cases%20it%20just%20does%20not%20appear%20at%20all%3B%20whereas%2C%20in%20the%20case%20of%20all%20weak%20and%20powerless%20people%20it%20is%20unavoidable.%20The%20noble%20man%20cannot%20take%20his%20enemies%2C%20his%20misfortunes%2C%20even%20his%20bad%20deeds%20seriously%20for%20very%20long%20that%20is%20the%20mark%20of%20strong%2C%20complete%20natures%2C%20in%20whom%20there%20is%20a%20surplus%20of%20plastic%2C%20creative%2C%20healing%20power%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20power%20to%20forget%20(a%20good%20example%20for%20that%20from%20the%20modern%20world%20is%20Mirabeau%2C%20who%20had%20no%20memory%20of%20the%20insults%20and%20maliciousness%20people%20directed%20at%20him%2C%20and%20who%20therefore%20could%20not%20forgive%2C%20because%20he%20just%20forgot).%20Such%20a%20man%20with%20a%20single%20shrug%20throws%20off%20himself%20all%20those%20worms%20which%20eat%20into%20other%20men.%20Only%20here%20is%20possible%20(provided%20that%20it%20is%20at%20all%20possible%20on%20earth)%20the%20real%20%E2%80%9Clove%20for%20one%E2%80%99s%20enemy.%E2%80%9D%20How%20much%20respect%20a%20noble%20man%20already%20has%20for%20his%20enemies!%20And%20such%20a%20respect%20is%20already%20a%20bridge%20to%20love%20.%20.%20.%20In%20fact%2C%20he%20demands%20his%20enemy%20for%20himself%2C%20as%20his%20mark%20of%20honour.%20Indeed%2C%20he%20has%20no%20enemy%20other%20than%20one%20who%20has%20nothing%20to%20despise%20and%20a%20great%20deal%20to%20respect!%20By%20contrast%2C%20imagine%20for%20yourself%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20enemy%E2%80%9D%20as%20a%20man%20of%20resentment%20conceives%20him%20and%20right%20here%20we%20have%20his%20action%2C%20his%20creation%3A%20he%20has%20conceptualized%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20evil%20enemy%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20evil%20one%2C%E2%80%9D%20as%20a%20fundamental%20idea%20and%20from%20that%20he%20now%20thinks%20his%20way%20to%20an%20opposite%20image%20and%20counterpart%2C%20a%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20man%E2%80%9D%20himself!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20see%20exactly%20the%20opposite%20with%20the%20noble%20man%2C%20who%20conceives%20the%20fundamental%20idea%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%20in%20advance%20and%20spontaneously%20by%20himself%20and%20from%20there%20first%20creates%20a%20picture%20of%20%E2%80%9Cbad%E2%80%9D%20for%20himself.%20This%20%E2%80%9Cbad%E2%80%9D%20originating%20from%20the%20noble%20man%20and%20that%20%E2%80%9Cevil%E2%80%9D%20arising%20out%20of%20the%20stew%20pot%20of%20insatiable%20hatred%20of%20these%20the%20first%20is%20a%20later%20creation%2C%20an%20afterthought%2C%20a%20complementary%20colour%3B%20whereas%2C%20the%20second%20is%20the%20original%2C%20the%20beginning%2C%20the%20essential%20act%20of%20conception%20in%20slave%20morality.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAlthough%20the%20two%20words%20%E2%80%9Cbad%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cevil%E2%80%9D%20both%20seem%20opposite%20to%20the%20same%20idea%20of%20%E2%80%9Cgood%2C%E2%80%9D%20how%20different%20they%20are.%20But%20it%20is%20not%20the%20same%20idea%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cgood%E2%80%9D%3B%20it%20is%20much%20rather%20a%20question%20of%20who%20the%20%E2%80%9Cevil%20man%E2%80%9D%20really%20is%2C%20in%20the%20sense%20of%20the%20morality%20of%20resentment.%20The%20strict%20answer%20to%20that%20is%20as%20follows%3A%20precisely%20the%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20man%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20other%20morality%2C%20the%20noble%20man%20himself%2C%20the%20powerful%2C%20the%20ruling%20man%2C%20only%20coloured%20over%2C%20reinterpreted%2C%20and%20seen%20only%20through%20the%20poisonous%20eyes%20of%20resentment.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHere%20there%20is%20one%20thing%20we%20will%20be%20the%20last%20to%20deny%3A%20the%20man%20who%20knows%20these%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20men%E2%80%9D%20only%20as%20enemies%2C%20knows%20them%20as%20nothing%20but%20evil%20enemies%2C%20and%20the%20same%20men%20who%20are%20so%20strongly%20bound%20by%20custom%2C%20honour%2C%20habit%2C%20thankfulness%2C%20even%20more%20by%20mutual%20suspicion%20and%20jealousy%20%3Ci%3Einter%20pares%20%5Bamong%20equals%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20and%20who%2C%20by%20contrast%2C%20demonstrate%20in%20relation%20to%20each%20other%20such%20resourceful%20consideration%2C%20self-control%2C%20refinement%2C%20loyalty%2C%20pride%2C%20and%20friendship%20these%20men%2C%20once%20outside%20where%20the%20strange%20world%2C%20the%20foreign%2C%20begins%2C%20are%20not%20much%20better%20than%20beasts%20of%20prey%20turned%20loose.%20There%20they%20enjoy%20freedom%20from%20all%20social%20constraints.%20In%20the%20wilderness%20they%20make%20up%20for%20the%20tension%20which%20a%20long%20fenced-in%20confinement%20within%20the%20peace%20of%20the%20community%20brings%20about.%20They%20go%20back%20to%20the%20innocent%20consciousness%20of%20a%20wild%20beast%20of%20prey%2C%20as%20joyful%20monsters%2C%20who%20perhaps%20walk%20away%20from%20a%20dreadful%20sequence%20of%20murder%2C%20arson%2C%20rape%2C%20and%20torture%20with%20exhilaration%20and%20spiritual%20equilibrium%2C%20as%20if%20they%20had%20merely%20pulled%20off%20a%20student%20prank%2C%20convinced%20that%20the%20poets%20now%20have%20something%20more%20to%20sing%20about%20and%20praise%20for%20a%20long%20time%20to%20come.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20the%20bottom%20of%20all%20these%20noble%20races%20we%20cannot%20fail%20to%20recognize%20the%20beast%20of%20prey%2C%20the%20blond%20beast%20splendidly%20roaming%20around%20in%20its%20lust%20for%20loot%20and%20victory.%20This%20hidden%20basis%20from%20time%20to%20time%20needs%20to%20be%20discharged%3A%20the%20animal%20must%20come%20out%20again%2C%20must%20go%20back%20into%20the%20wilderness%2C%20Roman%2C%20Arab%2C%20German%2C%20Japanese%20nobility%2C%20Homeric%20heroes%2C%20Scandinavian%20Vikings%20in%20this%20need%20they%20are%20all%20alike.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIt%20was%20the%20noble%20races%20which%20left%20behind%20the%20concept%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cbarbarian%E2%80%9D%20in%20all%20their%20tracks%2C%20wherever%20they%20went.%20A%20consciousness%20of%20and%20a%20pride%20in%20this%20fact%20reveals%20itself%20even%20in%20their%20highest%20culture%20(for%20example%2C%20when%20Pericles%20says%20to%20his%20Athenians%2C%20in%20that%20famous%20Funeral%20Speech%2C%20%E2%80%9Cour%20audacity%20has%20broken%20a%20way%20through%20to%20every%20land%20and%20sea%2C%20putting%20up%20permanent%20memorials%20to%20itself%20for%20good%20and%20ill.%E2%80%9D)%20this%20%E2%80%9Caudacity%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20noble%20races%2C%20mad%2C%20absurd%2C%20sudden%20in%20the%20way%20it%20expresses%20itself%2C%20its%20unpredictability%2C%20even%20the%20improbability%20of%20its%20undertakings%20Pericles%20emphatically%20praises%20the%20%3Ci%3Erayhumia%20%5Bmental%20balance%2C%20freedom%20from%20anxiety%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20of%20the%20Athenians%20its%20indifference%20to%20and%20contempt%20for%20safety%2C%20body%2C%20life%2C%20comfort%2C%20its%20fearsome%20cheerfulness%20and%20the%20depth%20of%20its%20joy%20in%20all%20destruction%2C%20in%20all%20the%20physical%20pleasures%20of%20victory%20and%20cruelty%20everything%20summed%20up%20for%20those%20who%20suffer%20from%20such%20audacity%20in%20the%20image%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cbarbarian%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20%E2%80%9Cevil%20enemy%2C%E2%80%9D%20something%20like%20the%20%E2%80%9CGoth%E2%80%9D%20or%20the%20%E2%80%9CVandal.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20deep%2C%20icy%20mistrust%20which%20the%20German%20evokes%2C%20as%20soon%20as%20he%20comes%20to%20power%20even%20today%20is%20still%20an%20after-effect%20of%20that%20unforgettable%20terror%20with%20which%20for%20centuries%20Europe%20confronted%20the%20rage%20of%20the%20blond%20German%20beast%20(although%20there%20is%20hardly%20any%20idea%20linking%20the%20old%20Germanic%20tribes%20and%20we%20Germans%2C%20let%20alone%20any%20blood%20relationship).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOnce%20before%20I%20have%20remarked%20on%20Hesiod%E2%80%99s%20dilemma%20when%20he%20thought%20up%20his%20sequence%20of%20cultural%20periods%20and%20sought%20to%20express%20them%20as%20Gold%2C%20Silver%2C%20and%20Iron.%20But%20he%20didn%E2%80%99t%20know%20what%20to%20do%20with%20the%20contradiction%20presented%20to%20him%20by%20the%20marvelous%20but%2C%20at%20the%20same%20time%2C%20horrifying%20and%20violent%20world%20of%20Homer%2C%20other%20than%20to%20make%20two%20cultural%20ages%20out%20of%20one%20and%20then%20place%20one%20after%20the%20other%20first%20the%20age%20of%20Heroes%20and%20Demi-gods%20from%20Troy%20and%20Thebes%2C%20just%20as%20that%20world%20remained%20as%20a%20memorial%20for%20the%20noble%20races%20who%20had%20their%20own%20ancestors%20in%20it%2C%20and%20then%20the%20Iron%20Age%2C%20as%20that%20same%20world%20appeared%20to%20the%20descendants%20of%20the%20downtrodden%2C%20exploited%2C%20ill%20treated%2C%20those%20carried%20off%20and%20sold%20a%20metallic%20age%2C%20as%20mentioned%3A%20hard%2C%20cold%2C%20cruel%2C%20empty%20of%20feeling%20and%20scruples%2C%20with%20everything%20crushed%20and%20covered%20over%20in%20blood.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAssuming%20as%20true%20what%20in%20any%20event%20is%20taken%20as%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20truth%E2%80%9D%20nowadays%2C%20that%20it%20is%20precisely%20the%20purpose%20of%20all%20culture%20to%20breed%20a%20tame%20and%20civilized%20animal%2C%20a%20domestic%20pet%2C%20out%20of%20the%20beast%20of%20prey%20%E2%80%9Cman%2C%E2%80%9D%20then%20we%20would%20undoubtedly%20have%20to%20consider%20the%20essential%20instruments%20of%20culture%20all%20those%20instinctive%20reactions%20and%20resentments%20by%20means%20of%20which%20the%20noble%20races%20with%20all%20their%20ideals%20were%20finally%20disgraced%20and%20overpowered%20but%20that%20would%20not%20be%20to%20claim%20that%20the%20bearers%20of%20these%20instincts%20also%20in%20themselves%20represented%20culture.%20It%20would%20much%20rather%20be%20the%20case%20that%20the%20opposite%20is%20not%20only%20probable%20no!%20nowadays%20it%20is%20visibly%20apparent.%20These%20people%20carrying%20instincts%20for%20oppression%20and%20a%20lust%20for%20revenge%2C%20the%20descendants%20of%20all%20European%20and%20non-European%20slavery%2C%20and%20all%20pre-Aryan%20populations%20in%20particular%2C%20represent%20the%20regression%20of%20mankind!%20These%20%E2%80%9Cinstruments%20of%20culture%E2%80%9D%20are%20a%20disgrace%20to%20humanity%2C%20more%20a%20reason%20to%20be%20suspicious%20of%20or%20a%20counterargument%20against%20%E2%80%9Cculture%E2%80%9D%20in%20general!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20may%20well%20be%20right%20when%20we%20hang%20onto%20our%20fear%20of%20the%20blond%20beast%20at%20the%20base%20of%20all%20noble%20races%20and%20keep%20up%20our%20guard.%20But%20who%20would%20not%20find%20it%20a%20hundred%20times%20better%20to%20fear%20if%20he%20could%20at%20the%20same%20time%20be%20allowed%20to%20admire%2C%20rather%20than%20not%20fear%20and%20no%20longer%20be%20able%20to%20rid%20himself%20of%20the%20disgusting%20sight%20of%20the%20failures%2C%20the%20stunted%2C%20the%20emaciated%2C%20the%20poisoned%3F%20Is%20not%20that%20our%20fate%3F%20Today%20what%20is%20it%20that%20constitutes%20our%20aversion%20to%20%E2%80%9Cman%E2%80%9D%3F%20For%20we%20suffer%20from%20man%20there%E2%80%99s%20no%20doubt%20of%20that.%20It%E2%80%99s%20not%20a%20matter%20of%20fear.%20%26nbsp%3BRather%20it%E2%80%99s%20the%20fact%20that%20we%20have%20nothing%20more%20to%20fear%20from%20men%2C%20that%20the%20maggot%20%E2%80%9Cman%E2%80%9D%20is%20in%20the%20foreground%20swarming%20around%2C%20that%20the%20%E2%80%9Ctame%20man%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20hopelessly%20mediocre%20and%20unpleasant%20man%2C%20has%20already%20learned%20to%20feel%20that%20he%20is%20the%20goal%2C%20the%20pinnacle%2C%20the%20meaning%20of%20history%2C%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20higher%20man%2C%E2%80%9D%20yes%20indeed%2C%20he%20even%20has%20a%20certain%20right%20to%20feel%20that%20about%20himself%2C%20insofar%20as%20he%20feels%20separate%20from%20the%20excess%20of%20failed%2C%20sick%2C%20tired%2C%20spent%20people%2C%20who%20are%20nowadays%20beginning%20to%20make%20Europe%20stink%2C%20and%20feels%20at%20least%20somewhat%20successful%2C%20at%20least%20still%20capable%20of%20life%2C%20at%20least%20able%20to%20say%20%E2%80%9CYes%E2%80%9D%20to%20life.%20.%20.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20this%20point%20I%20won%E2%80%99t%20suppress%20a%20sigh%20and%20a%20final%20hope.%20What%20is%20it%20exactly%20that%20I%20find%20so%20totally%20unbearable%3F%20Something%20which%20I%20cannot%20deal%20with%20on%20my%20own%2C%20which%20makes%20me%20choke%20and%20feel%20faint%3F%20Bad%20air!%20Bad%20air!%20It%E2%80%99s%20when%20something%20which%20has%20failed%20comes%20close%20to%20me%2C%20when%20I%20have%20to%20smell%20the%20entrails%20of%20a%20failed%20soul!%20Apart%20from%20that%20what%20can%20we%20not%20endure%20by%20way%20of%20need%2C%20deprivation%2C%20bad%20weather%2C%20infirmity%2C%20hardship%2C%20loneliness%3F%20Basically%20we%20can%20deal%20with%20all%20the%20other%20things%2C%20born%20as%20we%20are%20to%20an%20underground%20and%20struggling%20existence.%20We%20come%20back%20again%20and%20again%20into%20the%20light%2C%20we%20live%20over%20and%20over%20our%20golden%20hour%20of%20victory%20and%20then%20we%20stand%20there%2C%20just%20as%20we%20were%20born%2C%20unbreakable%2C%20tense%2C%20ready%20for%20something%20new%2C%20for%20something%20even%20more%20difficult%2C%20more%20distant%2C%20like%20a%20bow%20which%20all%20trouble%20only%20serves%20always%20to%20pull%20tighter.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20if%20there%20are%20heavenly%20goddesses%20who%20are%20our%20patrons%2C%20beyond%20good%20and%20evil%2C%20then%20from%20time%20to%20time%20grant%20me%20a%20glimpse%2C%20grant%20me%20a%20single%20glimpse%20into%20something%20perfect%2C%20something%20completely%20developed%2C%20something%20happy%2C%20powerful%2C%20triumphant%2C%20from%20which%20there%20is%20still%20something%20to%20fear!%20A%20glimpse%20of%20a%20man%20who%20justifies%20humanity%2C%20of%20a%20complementary%20and%20redeeming%20stroke-of-luck%20of%20a%20man%2C%20for%20whose%20sake%20we%20can%20hang%20onto%20a%20faith%20in%20humanity!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%20matters%20stand%20like%20this%3A%20the%20diminution%20and%20levelling%20of%20European%20man%20hides%20our%20greatest%20danger%2C%20for%20the%20sight%20of%20him%20makes%20us%20tired.%20We%20see%20nothing%20today%20which%20wants%20to%20be%20greater.%20We%20suspect%20that%20things%20are%20constantly%20going%20down%20and%20down%20into%20something%20thinner%2C%20more%20good-natured%2C%20more%20prudent%2C%20more%20comfortable%2C%20more%20mediocre%2C%20more%20indifferent%2C%20more%20Chinese%2C%20more%20Christian%20humanity%2C%20there%20is%20no%20doubt%2C%20is%20becoming%20constantly%20%E2%80%9Cbetter%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.%20Europe%E2%80%99s%20fate%20lies%20right%20here.%20With%20our%20fear%20of%20mankind%20we%20also%20have%20lost%20our%20love%20for%20mankind%2C%20our%20reverence%20for%20mankind%2C%20our%20hopes%20for%20mankind%2C%20even%20our%20will%20to%20be%20mankind.%20A%20glimpse%20at%20man%20nowadays%20makes%20us%20tired%20what%20is%20today%E2%80%99s%20nihilism%2C%20if%20it%20is%20not%20that%3F%20.%20.%20.%20We%20are%20weary%20of%20man.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20let%E2%80%99s%20go%20back%3A%20the%20problem%20with%20the%20other%20origin%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cgood%2C%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20good%20man%20as%20the%20person%20of%20resentment%20has%20imagined%20it%20for%20himself%2C%20demands%20some%20conclusion.%20That%20lambs%20are%20annoyed%20at%20the%20great%20predatory%20birds%20is%20not%20a%20strange%20thing%2C%20and%20the%20fact%20that%20they%20snatch%20away%20small%20lambs%20provides%20no%20reason%20for%20holding%20anything%20against%20these%20large%20birds%20of%20prey.%20And%20if%20the%20lambs%20say%20among%20themselves%2C%20%E2%80%9CThese%20predatory%20birds%20are%20evil%20and%20whoever%20is%20least%20like%20a%20predatory%20bird%20and%20especially%20anyone%20who%20is%20like%20its%20opposite%2C%20a%20lamb%20shouldn%E2%80%99t%20that%20animal%20be%20good%3F%E2%80%9D%20there%20is%20nothing%20to%20find%20fault%20with%20in%20this%20setting%20up%20of%20an%20ideal%2C%20except%20for%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20birds%20of%20prey%20might%20look%20down%20with%20a%20little%20mockery%20and%20perhaps%20say%20to%20themselves%2C%20%E2%80%9CWe%20are%20not%20at%20all%20annoyed%20with%20these%20good%20lambs%20we%20even%20love%20them.%20Nothing%20is%20tastier%20than%20a%20tender%20lamb.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETo%20demand%20that%20strength%20does%20not%20express%20itself%20as%20strength%2C%20that%20it%20must%20not%20consist%20of%20a%20will%20to%20overpower%2C%20a%20will%20to%20throw%20down%2C%20a%20will%20to%20rule%2C%20a%20thirst%20for%20enemies%20and%20opposition%20and%20triumph%20that%20is%20as%20unreasonable%20as%20to%20demand%20that%20weakness%20express%20itself%20as%20strength.%20A%20quantum%20of%20force%20is%20just%20such%20a%20quantum%20of%20drive%2C%20will%2C%20action%20indeed%2C%20it%20is%20nothing%20but%20these%20drives%2C%20willing%2C%20and%20actions%20in%20themselves%20and%20it%20cannot%20appear%20as%20anything%20else%20except%20through%20the%20seduction%20of%20language%20(and%20the%20fundamental%20errors%20of%20reason%20petrified%20in%20it)%2C%20which%20understands%20and%20misunderstands%20all%20action%20as%20conditioned%20by%20something%20which%20causes%20actions%2C%20by%20a%20%E2%80%9CSubject.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20fact%2C%20in%20just%20the%20same%20way%20as%20people%20separate%20lightning%20from%20its%20flash%20and%20take%20the%20latter%20as%20an%20action%2C%20as%20the%20effect%20of%20a%20subject%2C%20which%20is%20called%20lightning%2C%20so%20popular%20morality%20separates%20strength%20from%20the%20manifestations%20of%20that%20strength%2C%20as%20if%20behind%20the%20strong%20person%20there%20is%20an%20indifferent%20substrate%2C%20which%20is%20free%20to%20manifest%20strength%20or%20not.%20But%20there%20is%20no%20such%20substrate%3B%20there%20is%20no%20%E2%80%9Cbeing%E2%80%9D%20behind%20the%20doing%2C%20acting%2C%20becoming.%20%E2%80%9CThe%20doer%E2%80%9D%20is%20merely%20invented%20after%20the%20fact%20the%20act%20is%20everything.%20People%20basically%20duplicate%20the%20event%3A%20when%20they%20see%20lightning%2C%20well%2C%20that%20is%20an%20action%20of%20an%20action%3A%20they%20set%20up%20the%20same%20event%20first%20as%20the%20cause%20and%20then%20again%20as%20its%20effect.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENatural%20scientists%20are%20no%20better%20when%20they%20say%20%E2%80%9CForce%20moves%2C%20force%20causes%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20so%20on%20our%20entire%20scientific%20knowledge%2C%20for%20all%20its%20coolness%2C%20its%20freedom%20from%20feelings%2C%20still%20remains%20exposed%20to%20the%20seductions%20of%20language%20and%20has%20not%20gotten%20rid%20of%20the%20changelings%20foisted%20on%20it%2C%20the%20%E2%80%9CSubject%E2%80%9D%20(the%20atom%2C%20for%20example%2C%20is%20such%20a%20changeling%2C%20like%20the%20Kantian%20%E2%80%9CThing%20in%20itself%E2%80%9D)%3A%20it%E2%80%99s%20no%20wonder%20that%20the%20repressed%2C%20secretly%20smouldering%20feelings%20of%20rage%20and%20hate%20use%20this%20belief%20for%20themselves%20and%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20even%20maintain%20a%20faith%20in%20nothing%20more%20strongly%20than%20in%20the%20idea%20that%20the%20strong%20are%20free%20to%20be%20weak%20and%20predatory%20birds%20are%20free%20to%20be%20lambs%20and%2C%20in%20so%20doing%2C%20they%20arrogate%20to%20themselves%20the%20right%20to%20blame%20the%20birds%20of%20prey%20for%20being%20birds%20of%20prey...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhen%20the%20oppressed%2C%20the%20downtrodden%2C%20the%20conquered%20say%20to%20each%20other%2C%20with%20the%20vengeful%20cunning%20of%20the%20powerless%2C%20%E2%80%9CLet%20us%20be%20different%20from%20evil%20people%2C%20namely%2C%20good!%20And%20that%20man%20is%20good%20who%20does%20not%20overpower%2C%20who%20hurts%20no%20one%2C%20who%20does%20not%20attack%2C%20who%20does%20not%20retaliate%2C%20who%20hands%20revenge%20over%20to%20God%2C%20who%20keeps%20himself%20hidden%2C%20as%20we%20do%2C%20who%20avoids%20all%20evil%20and%20demands%20little%20from%20life%20in%20general%E2%80%94like%20us%2C%20the%20patient%2C%20humble%2C%20and%20upright%E2%80%9D%20what%20that%20amounts%20to%2C%20coolly%20expressed%20and%20without%20bias%2C%20is%20essentially%20nothing%20more%20than%20%E2%80%9CWe%20weak%20people%20are%20merely%20weak.%20It%E2%80%99s%20good%20if%20we%20do%20nothing%2C%20because%20we%20are%20not%20strong%20enough.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20this%20bitter%20state%2C%20this%20shrewdness%20of%20the%20lowest%20ranks%2C%20which%20even%20insects%20possess%20(when%20in%20great%20danger%20they%20stand%20as%20if%20they%20were%20dead%20in%20order%20not%20to%20do%20%E2%80%9Ctoo%20much%E2%80%9D)%2C%20has%2C%20thanks%20to%20the%20counterfeiting%20and%20self-deception%20of%20powerlessness%2C%20dressed%20itself%20in%20the%20splendour%20of%20a%20self-denying%2C%20still%2C%20patient%20virtue%2C%20just%20as%20if%20the%20weakness%20of%20the%20weak%20man%20himself%20that%20means%20his%20essence%2C%20his%20actions%2C%20his%20entire%20single%2C%20inevitable%2C%20and%20irredeemable%20reality%20is%20a%20voluntary%20achievement%2C%20something%20willed%2C%20chosen%2C%20an%20act%2C%20something%20of%20merit.%20This%20kind%20of%20man%20needs%20to%20believe%20in%20the%20disinterested%2C%20freely%20choosing%20%E2%80%9Csubject%E2%80%9D%20out%20of%20his%20instinct%20for%20self-preservation%2C%20self-approval%2C%20in%20which%20every%20falsehood%20is%20habitually%20sanctified.%20The%20subject%20(or%2C%20to%20use%20a%20more%20popular%20style%2C%20the%20soul)%20has%20up%20to%20now%20probably%20been%20the%20best%20principle%20for%20belief%20on%20earth%2C%20because%2C%20for%20the%20majority%20of%20the%20dying%2C%20the%20weak%2C%20and%20the%20downtrodden%20of%20all%20sorts%2C%20it%20makes%20possible%20that%20sublime%20self-deception%20which%20establishes%20weakness%20itself%20as%20freedom%20and%20their%20being%20like%20this%20or%20that%20as%20something%20meritorious.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIs%20there%20anyone%20who%20would%20like%20to%20take%20a%20little%20look%20down%20on%20and%20under%20that%20secret%20how%20man%20fabricates%20an%20ideal%20on%20earth%3F%20Who%20has%20the%20courage%20for%20that%3F%20Come%20on%2C%20now!%20Here%20is%20an%20open%20glimpse%20into%20this%20dark%20workshop.%20Just%20wait%20a%20moment%2C%20my%20dear%20Mr.%20Presumptuous%20and%20Nosy%3A%20your%20eye%20must%20first%20get%20used%20to%20this%20artificial%20flickering%20light.%20.%20.%20So%2C%20enough!%20Now%20speak!%20What%E2%80%99s%20going%20on%20down%20there%3F%20Speak%20up.%20Say%20what%20you%20see%2C%20man%20of%20the%20most%20dangerous%20curiosity%20now%20I%E2%80%99m%20the%20one%20who%E2%80%99s%20listening.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CI%20see%20nothing%2C%20but%20I%20hear%20all%20the%20more.%20It%20is%20a%20careful%20and%20crafty%20light%20rumour-mongering%20and%20whispering%20from%20every%20nook%20and%20cranny.%20It%20seem%20to%20me%20that%20people%20are%20lying%3B%20a%20sugary%20mildness%20clings%20to%20every%20sound.%20Weakness%20is%20going%20to%20be%20falsified%20into%20something%20of%20merit.%20There%E2%80%99s%20no%20doubt%20about%20it%20things%20are%20just%20as%20you%20said%20they%20were.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EKeep%20talking!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CAnd%20powerlessness%20which%20does%20not%20retaliate%20is%20being%20falsified%20into%20%E2%80%98goodness%2C%E2%80%99%20anxious%20baseness%20into%20%E2%80%98humility%2C%E2%80%99%20submission%20before%20those%20one%20hates%20to%20%E2%80%98obedience%E2%80%99%20(of%20course%2C%20obedience%20to%20the%20one%20who%2C%20they%20say%2C%20commands%20this%20submission%20they%20call%20him%20God).%20The%20inoffensiveness%20of%20the%20weak%20man%2C%20even%20cowardice%2C%20in%20which%20he%20is%20rich%2C%20his%20standing%20at%20the%20door%2C%20his%20inevitable%20need%20to%20wait%20around%20here%20these%20acquire%20good%20names%2C%20like%20%E2%80%98patience%E2%80%99%20and%20are%20called%20virtue.%20That%20incapacity%20for%20revenge%20is%20called%20the%20lack%20of%20desire%20for%20revenge%2C%20perhaps%20even%20forgiveness%20(%E2%80%98for%20they%20know%20not%20what%20they%20do%20only%20we%20know%20what%20they%20do!%E2%80%99).%20And%20people%20are%20talking%20about%20%E2%80%98love%20for%20one%E2%80%99s%20enemy%E2%80%99%20and%20sweating%20as%20they%20say%20it.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EKeep%20talking!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CThey%20are%20miserable%20there%E2%80%99s%20no%20doubt%20about%20that%20all%20these%20rumour%20mongers%20and%20counterfeiters%20in%20the%20corners%2C%20although%20crouched%20down%20beside%20each%20other%20in%20the%20warmth%20but%20they%20are%20telling%20me%20that%20their%20misery%20is%20God%E2%80%99s%20choice%2C%20His%20sign.%20One%20beats%20the%20dog%20one%20loves%20the%20most.%20Perhaps%20this%20misery%20may%20be%20a%20preparation%2C%20a%20test%2C%20an%20education%2C%20perhaps%20it%20is%20even%20more%20something%20that%20will%20one%20day%20be%20rewarded%20and%20paid%20out%20with%20huge%20interest%20in%20gold%2C%20no%2C%20in%20happiness.%20They%20call%20that%20%E2%80%98blessedness%E2%80%99.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EGo%20on!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CNow%20they%20are%20letting%20me%20know%20that%20they%20are%20not%20only%20better%20than%20the%20powerful%2C%20the%20masters%20of%20the%20earth%2C%20whose%20spit%20they%20have%20to%20lick%20(not%20out%20of%20fear%2C%20certainly%20not%20out%20of%20fear%2C%20but%20because%20God%20commands%20that%20they%20honour%20those%20in%20authority)%20they%20are%20not%20only%20better%20than%20these%2C%20but%20they%20also%20are%20%E2%80%98better%20off%2C%E2%80%99%20or%20at%20any%20rate%20will%20one%20day%20have%20it%20better.%20But%20enough!%20Enough!%20I%20can%E2%80%99t%20endure%20it%20any%20more.%20Bad%20air!%20Bad%20air!%20This%20workshop%20where%20man%20fabricates%20ideals%20it%20seems%20to%20me%20it%20stinks%20from%20nothing%20but%20lies.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENo!%20Just%20wait%20one%20minute%20more!%20So%20far%20you%20haven%E2%80%99t%20said%20anything%20about%20the%20masterpiece%20of%20these%20black%20magicians%20who%20know%20how%20to%20make%20whiteness%2C%20milk%2C%20and%20innocence%20out%20of%20every%20blackness.%20Have%20you%20not%20noticed%20the%20perfection%20of%20their%20sophistication%2C%20their%20most%20daring%2C%20refined%2C%20most%20spiritual%2C%20most%20fallacious%20artistic%20attempt.%20Pay%20attention!%20These%20cellar%20animals%20full%20of%20vengeance%20and%20hatred%20what%20are%20they%20making%20right%20now%20out%20of%20that%20vengeance%20and%20hatred%3F%20Have%20you%20ever%20heard%20these%20words%3F%20If%20you%20heard%20only%20their%20words%2C%20would%20you%20suspect%20that%20you%20were%20completely%20among%20men%20of%20resentment%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CI%20understand.%20Once%20again%20I%E2%80%99ll%20open%20my%20ears%20(oh!%20oh!%20oh!%20and%20hold%20my%20nose).%20Now%20I%E2%80%99m%20hearing%20for%20the%20first%20time%20what%20they%E2%80%99ve%20been%20saying%20so%20often%3A%20%E2%80%98We%20good%20men%20we%20are%20the%20righteous%E2%80%99%20what%20they%20demand%20they%20don%E2%80%99t%20call%20repayment%20but%20%E2%80%98the%20triumph%20of%20righteousness.%E2%80%99%20What%20they%20hate%20is%20not%20their%20enemy.%20No!%20They%20hate%20%E2%80%98injustice%2C%E2%80%99%20%E2%80%98godlessness.%E2%80%99%20What%20they%20believe%20and%20hope%20is%20not%20a%20hope%20for%20revenge%2C%20the%20intoxication%20of%20sweet%20vengeance%20(something%20Homer%20called%20%E2%80%98sweeter%20than%20honey%E2%80%99)%2C%20but%20the%20victory%20of%20God%2C%20the%20righteous%20God%2C%20over%20the%20godless.%20What%20remains%20for%20them%20to%20love%20on%20earth%20are%20not%20their%20brothers%20in%20hatred%20but%20their%20%E2%80%98brothers%20in%20love%2C%E2%80%99%20as%20they%20say%2C%20all%20the%20good%20and%20righteous%20people%20on%20the%20earth.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAnd%20what%20do%20they%20call%20what%20serves%20them%20as%20a%20consolation%20for%20all%20the%20suffering%20of%20life%20their%20phantasmagoria%20of%20future%20blessedness%20which%20they%20are%20expecting%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CWhat%20that%3F%20Am%20I%20hearing%20correctly%3F%20They%20call%20that%20%E2%80%98the%20last%20judgment%2C%E2%80%99%20the%20coming%20of%20their%20kingdom%2C%20the%20coming%20of%20%E2%80%98God%E2%80%99s%20kingdom%E2%80%99%20but%20in%20the%20meanwhile%20they%20live%20%E2%80%98in%20faith%2C%E2%80%99%20%E2%80%98in%20love%2C%E2%80%99%20%E2%80%98in%20hope.%E2%80%99%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EEnough!%20Enough!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBelief%20in%20what%3F%20Love%20for%20what%3F%20Hope%20for%20what%3F%20There%E2%80%99s%20no%20doubt%20that%20these%20weak%20people%20at%20some%20time%20or%20another%20also%20want%20to%20be%20the%20strong%20people%2C%20some%20day%20their%20%E2%80%9Ckingdom%E2%80%9D%20is%20supposed%20to%20arrive%E2%80%94they%20call%20it%20simply%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20kingdom%20of%20God%2C%E2%80%9D%20as%20I%20mentioned.%20People%20are%20indeed%20so%20humble%20about%20everything!%20But%20to%20experience%20that%2C%20one%20has%20to%20live%20a%20long%20time%2C%20beyond%20death%20in%20fact%2C%20people%20must%20have%20an%20eternal%20life%2C%20so%20they%20can%20win%20eternal%20recompense%20in%20the%20%E2%80%9Ckingdom%20%20of%20God%E2%80%9D%20for%20this%20earthly%20life%20%E2%80%9Cin%20faith%2C%20in%20love%2C%20in%20hope.%E2%80%9D%20Recompense%20for%20what%3F%20Recompense%20through%20what%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20my%20view%2C%20Dante%20was%20grossly%20in%20error%20when%2C%20with%20an%20ingenuity%20meant%20to%20inspire%20terror%2C%20he%20set%20that%20inscription%20over%20the%20gateway%20into%20his%20hell%3A%20%E2%80%9CEternal%20love%20also%20created%20me.%E2%80%9D%20Over%20the%20gateway%20into%20the%20Christian%20paradise%20and%20its%20%E2%80%9Ceternal%20blessedness%E2%80%9D%20it%20would%2C%20in%20any%20event%2C%20be%20more%20fitting%20to%20set%20the%20inscription%20%E2%80%9CEternal%20hate%20also%20created%20me%E2%80%9D%20provided%20it%E2%80%99s%20all%20right%20to%20set%20a%20truth%20over%20the%20gateway%20to%20a%20lie!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%20what%20is%20the%20bliss%20of%20this%20paradise%3F%20.%20.%20.%20We%20might%20well%20have%20guessed%20that%20already%2C%20but%20it%20is%20better%20for%20it%20to%20be%20expressly%20described%20for%20us%20by%20an%20authority%20we%20cannot%20underestimate%2C%20Thomas%20Aquinas%2C%20the%20great%20teacher%20and%20saint%3A%20.%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3EBeati%20in%20regno%20coelesti%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%2C%20he%20says%2C%20as%20gently%20as%20a%20lamb%2C%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Evidebunt%20poenas%20damnatorum%2C%20ut%20beatitudo%20illis%20magis%20complaceat%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5B%E2%80%9CIn%20the%20kingdom%20of%20heaven%20the%20blessed%20will%20see%20the%20punishment%20of%20the%20damned%2C%20so%20that%20they%20will%20derive%20all%20the%20more%20pleasure%20from%20their%20heavenly%20bliss.%E2%80%9D%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOr%20do%20you%20want%20to%20hear%20that%20message%20in%20a%20stronger%20tone%2C%20something%20from%20the%20mouth%20of%20a%20triumphant%20father%20of%20the%20church%20%3Ci%3E%5BTertullian%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20who%20warns%20his%20Christians%20against%20the%20cruel%20sensuality%20of%20the%20public%20spectacles.%20But%20why%3F%20%E2%80%9CFaith%20offers%20much%20more%20to%20us%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20says%20(in%20%3Ci%3Ede%20Spectaculis%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20c.%2029%20ss)%2C%20%E2%80%9Csomething%20much%20stronger.%20Thanks%20to%20the%20redemption%2C%20very%20different%20joys%20are%20ours%20to%20command%3B%20in%20place%20of%20the%20athletes%2C%20we%20have%20our%20martyrs.%20If%20we%20want%20blood%2C%20well%2C%20we%20have%20the%20blood%20of%20Christ%20.%20.%20.%20But%20think%20of%20what%20awaits%20us%20on%20the%20day%20of%20his%20coming%20again%2C%20his%20triumph!%E2%80%9D%20and%20now%20he%20takes%20off%2C%20the%20rapturous%20visionary%3A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3EAt%20enim%20supersunt%20alia%20spectacula%2C%20ille%20ultimus%20et%20perpetuus%20judicii%20dies%2C%20ille%20nationibus%20insperatus%2C%20ille%20derisus%2C%20cum%20tanta%20saeculi%20vetustas%20et%20tot%20ejus%20nativitates%20uno%20igne%20haurientur.%20Quae%20tunc%20spectaculi%20latitudo!%20Quid%20admirer!%20Quid%20rideam!%20Ubi%20gaudeam!%20Ubi%20exultem%2C%20spectans%20tot%20et%20tantos%20reges%2C%20qui%20in%20coelum%20recepti%20nuntiabantur%2C%20cum%20ipso%20Jove%20et%20ipsis%20suis%20testibus%20in%20imis%20tenebris%20congemescentes!%20Item%20praesides%3C%2Fi%3E%20(the%20provincial%20governors)%20%3Ci%3Epersecutores%20dominici%20nominis%20saevioribus%20quam%20ipsi%20flammis%20saevierunt%20insultantibus%20contra%20Christianos%20liquescentes!%20Quos%20praeterea%20sapientes%20illos%20philosophos%20coram%20discipulis%20suis%20una%20conflagrantibus%20erubescentes%2C%20quibus%20nihil%20ad%20deum%20pertinere%20suadebant%2C%20quibus%20animas%20aut%20nullas%20aut%20non%20in%20pristine%20corpora%20redituras%20affirmabant!%20Etiam%20po%C3%ABt%C3%A0s%20non%20ad%20Rhadamanti%20nec%20ad%20Minois%2C%20sed%20ad%20inopinati%20Christi%20tribunal%20palpitantes!%20Tunc%20magis%20tragoedi%20audiendi%2C%20magis%20scilicet%20vocales%3C%2Fi%3E%20(better%20voices%20since%20they%20will%20be%20screaming%20in%20greater%20terror)%20%3Ci%3Ein%20sua%20propria%20calamitate%3B%20tunc%20histriones%20cognoscendi%2C%20solutiores%20multo%20per%20ignem%3B%20tunc%20spectandus%20auriga%20in%20flammea%20rota%20totus%20rubens%2C%20tunc%20xystici%20contemplandi%20non%20in%20gymnasiis%2C%20sed%20in%20igne%20jaculati%2C%20nisi%20quod%20ne%20tunc%20quidem%20illos%20velim%20vivos%2C%20ut%20qui%20malim%20ad%20eos%20potius%20conspectum%20insatiabilem%20conferre%2C%20qui%20in%20dominum%20desaevierung.%20%E2%80%98Hic%20est%20ille%2C%20dicam%2C%20fabri%20aut%20quaestuariae%20filis%3C%2Fi%3E%20(in%20everything%20that%20follows%20and%20especially%20in%20the%20well-known%20description%20of%20the%20mother%20of%20Jesus%20from%20the%20Talamud%20Tertullian%20from%20this%20point%20on%20is%20referring%20to%20the%20Jews)%2C%20%3Ci%3Esabbati%20destructor%2C%20Samarites%20et%20daemonium%20habens.%20Hic%20est%2C%20quem%20a%20Juda%20redemistis%2C%20hic%20est%20ille%20arundine%20et%20colaphis%20diverberatus%2C%20sputamentis%20dedecoratus%2C%20felle%20et%20aceto%20potatus.%20Hic%20est%2C%20quem%20clam%20discentes%20subripuerunt%2C%20ut%20resurrexisse%20dicatur%20vel%20hortulanus%20detraxit%2C%20ne%20lactucae%20suae%20frequentia%20commeantium%20laederentur.%E2%80%99%20Ut%20talia%20spectes%2C%20ut%20talibus%20exultes%2C%20quis%20tibi%20praetor%20aut%20consul%20aut%20quaestor%20aut%20sacerdos%20de%20sua%20liberalitate%20praestabit%3F%20Et%20tamen%20haec%20jam%20habemus%20quodammodo%20per%20fidem%20spiritu%20imaginante%20repraesentata.%20Ceterum%20qualia%20illa%20sunt%2C%20quae%20nec%20oculus%20vidit%20nec%20auris%20audivit%20nec%20in%20cor%20hominis%20ascenderunt%E2%80%9D%20(1.%20Cor.%202%2C%209.)%20Credo%20circo%20et%20utraque%20cavea%3C%2Fi%3E%20(first%20and%20fourth%20tier%20of%20seats%20or%2C%20according%20to%20others%2C%20the%20comic%20and%20tragic%20stages).%20%3Ci%3EPer%20fidem%3C%2Fi%3E%3A%20that%E2%80%99s%20how%20it%E2%80%99s%20written.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%5B%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3EHowever%20there%20are%20other%20spectacles%20that%20last%20eternal%20day%20of%20judgment%2C%20ignored%20by%20nations%2C%20derided%20by%20them%2C%20when%20the%20accumulation%20of%20the%20years%20and%20all%20the%20many%20things%20which%20they%20produced%20will%20be%20burned%20in%20a%20single%20fire.%20What%20a%20broad%20spectacle%20then%20appears!%20How%20I%20will%20be%20lost%20in%20admiration!%20How%20I%20will%20laugh!%20How%20I%20will%20rejoice!%20I%20will%20be%20full%20of%20exaltation%20then%20as%20I%20see%20so%20many%20great%20kings%20who%20by%20public%20report%20were%20accepted%20into%20heaven%20groaning%20in%20the%20deepest%20darkness%20with%20Jove%20himself%20and%20alongside%20those%20very%20men%20who%20testified%20on%20their%20behalf!%20They%20will%20include%20governors%20of%20provinces%20who%20persecuted%20the%20name%20of%20our%20Lord%20burning%20in%20flames%20more%20fierce%20that%20those%20with%20which%20they%20proudly%20raged%20against%20the%20Christians!%20And%20those%20wise%20philosophers%20who%20earlier%20convinced%20their%20disciples%20that%20God%20was%20irrelevant%20and%20who%20claimed%20either%20that%20there%20is%20no%20such%20thing%20as%20a%20soul%20or%20that%20our%20souls%20would%20not%20return%20to%20their%20original%20bodies%20will%20be%20ashamed%20as%20they%20burn%20in%20the%20conflagration%20with%20those%20very%20disciples.%20And%20the%20poets%20will%20be%20there%2C%20shaking%20with%20fear%2C%20not%20in%20front%20of%20the%20tribunal%20of%20Rhadamanthus%20or%20Minos%2C%20but%20of%20the%20Christ%20they%20did%20not%20anticipate!%20Then%20it%20will%20be%20easier%20to%20hear%20the%20tragic%20actors%2C%20because%20their%20voices%20will%20be%20more%20resonant%20in%20their%20own%20calamity%20(%3C%2Fi%3Ebetter%20voices%20since%20they%20will%20be%20screaming%20in%20greater%20terror%3Ci%3E).%20The%20actors%20will%20then%20be%20easier%20to%20recognize%2C%20for%20the%20fire%20will%20make%20them%20much%20more%20agile.%20Then%20the%20charioteer%20will%20be%20on%20show%2C%20all%20red%20in%20a%20wheel%20of%20fire%2C%20and%20the%20athletes%20will%20be%20visible%2C%20thrown%2C%20not%20in%20the%20gymnasium%2C%20but%20in%20the%20fire%2C%20unless%20I%20have%20no%20wish%20to%20look%20at%20their%20bodies%20then%2C%20so%20that%20I%20can%20more%20readily%20cast%20an%20insatiable%20gaze%20on%20those%20who%20raged%20against%20our%20Lord.%20%E2%80%98This%20is%20the%20man%2C%E2%80%99%20I%20will%20say%2C%20%E2%80%98the%20son%20of%20a%20workman%20or%20a%20prostitute%3C%2Fi%3E%20(in%20everything%20that%20follows%20and%20especially%20in%20the%20well-known%20description%20of%20the%20mother%20of%20Jesus%20from%20the%20Talamud%2C%20Tertullian%20from%20this%20point%20on%20is%20referring%20to%20the%20Jews)%3Ci%3E%2C%20the%20destroyer%20of%20the%20sabbath%2C%20the%20Samaritan%20possessed%20by%20the%20devil.%20He%20is%20the%20man%20whom%20you%20brought%20from%20Judas%2C%20the%20man%20who%20was%20beaten%20with%20a%20reed%20and%20with%20fists%2C%20reviled%20with%20spit%2C%20who%20was%20given%20gall%20and%20vinegar%20to%20drink.%20He%20is%20the%20man%20whom%20his%20disciples%20took%20away%20in%20secret%2C%20so%20that%20it%20could%20be%20said%20that%20he%20was%20resurrected%20or%20whom%20the%20gardener%20took%20away%2C%20so%20that%20the%20crowd%20of%20visitors%20would%20not%20harm%20his%20lettuces.%E2%80%99%20What%20praetor%20or%20consul%20or%20quaestor%20or%20priest%20will%20from%20his%20own%20generosity%20grant%20you%20the%20sight%20of%20such%20things%20or%20the%20exultation%20in%20them%3F%20And%20yet%20we%20already%20have%20these%20things%20to%20a%20certain%20extent%20through%20faith%2C%20represented%20to%20us%20by%20the%20imagining%20spirit.%20Besides%2C%20what%20sorts%20of%20things%20has%20the%20eye%20not%20seen%20or%20the%20ear%20not%20heard%20and%20what%20sorts%20of%20things%20have%20not%20arisen%20in%20the%20human%20heart%20(1.%20Cor.%202%2C%209)%3F%20I%20believe%20these%20are%20more%20pleasing%20than%20the%20race%20track%20and%20the%20circus%20and%20both%20enclosures%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fi%3E%20(first%20and%20fourth%20tier%20of%20seats%20or%2C%20according%20to%20others%2C%20the%20comic%20and%20tragic%20stages).%20Through%20faith%3A%20that%E2%80%99s%20how%20it%E2%80%99s%20written.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXVI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%E2%80%99s%20bring%20this%20to%20a%20conclusion.%20The%20two%20opposing%20values%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20and%20bad%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20and%20evil%E2%80%9D%20have%20fought%20a%20fearful%20battle%20on%20earth%20for%20thousands%20of%20years.%20If%20it%E2%80%99s%20true%20that%20the%20second%20value%20in%20each%20pair%20has%20for%20a%20long%20time%20had%20the%20upper%20hand%2C%20there%E2%80%99s%20still%20no%20lack%20of%20places%20where%20the%20battle%20goes%20on%20without%20a%20final%20decision.%20We%20ourselves%20could%20say%20that%20in%20the%20intervening%20time%20the%20battle%20has%20been%20constantly%20drawn%20to%20greater%20heights%20and%20even%20greater%20depths%20and%20has%20become%20continuously%20more%20spiritual%2C%20so%20that%20nowadays%20there%20is%20perhaps%20no%20more%20decisive%20mark%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Chigher%20nature%2C%E2%80%9D%20a%20more%20spiritual%20nature%2C%20than%20that%20it%20is%20split%20in%20this%20sense%20and%20is%20truly%20a%20battleground%20for%20these%20opposites.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20symbol%20of%20this%20battle%2C%20written%20in%20a%20script%20which%20has%20remained%20legible%20through%20all%20human%20history%20up%20to%20the%20present%2C%20is%20called%20%E2%80%9CRome%20Against%20Judea%2C%20Judea%20Against%20Rome.%E2%80%9D%20To%20this%20point%20there%20has%20been%20no%20greater%20event%20than%20this%20war%2C%20this%20posing%20of%20a%20question%2C%20the%20contradiction%20between%20these%20deadly%20enemies.%20Rome%20felt%20that%20the%20Jews%20were%20something%20contrary%20to%20nature%20itself%2C%20something%20like%20its%20monstrous%20polar%20opposite.%20In%20Rome%20the%20Jew%20was%20considered%20%E2%80%9Cguilty%20of%20hatred%20against%20the%20entire%20human%20race.%E2%80%9D%20And%20that%20view%20was%20correct%2C%20to%20the%20extent%20we%20are%20right%20to%20link%20the%20health%20and%20the%20future%20of%20the%20human%20race%20to%20the%20unconditional%20rule%20of%20aristocratic%20values%2C%20the%20Roman%20values.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBy%20contrast%2C%20how%20did%20the%20Jews%20feel%20about%20Rome%3F%20We%20can%20guess%20that%20from%20a%20thousand%20signs%2C%20but%20it%20is%20sufficient%20to%20treat%20oneself%20again%20to%20the%20Apocalypse%20of%20John%2C%20that%20wildest%20of%20all%20written%20outbursts%20which%20vengeance%20has%20on%20its%20conscience.%20(Incidentally%2C%20we%20must%20not%20underestimate%20the%20deep%20consistency%20of%20the%20Christian%20instinct%2C%20when%20it%20ascribed%20this%20very%20book%20of%20hate%20to%20the%20name%20of%20the%20disciple%20of%20love%2C%20the%20same%20man%20to%20whom%20it%20attributed%20that%20wildly%20enthusiastic%20amorous%20gospel%20there%20is%20some%20truth%20to%20this%2C%20no%20matter%20how%20much%20literary%20counterfeiting%20may%20have%20been%20necessary%20for%20that%20book%20to%20make%20the%20point).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20Romans%20were%20indeed%20strong%20and%20noble%20men%2C%20stronger%20and%20nobler%20than%20any%20people%20who%20had%20lived%20on%20earth%20up%20until%20then%20or%20even%20than%20any%20people%20who%20had%20ever%20been%20dreamed%20up.%20Everything%20they%20left%20as%20remains%2C%20every%20inscription%2C%20is%20delightful%2C%20provided%20that%20we%20can%20guess%20what%20was%20doing%20the%20writing%20there.%20By%20contrast%2C%20the%20Jews%20were%20%3Ci%3Epar%20excellence%3C%2Fi%3E%20that%20priestly%20people%20of%20resentment%2C%20who%20possessed%20an%20unparalleled%20genius%20for%20popular%20morality.%20Just%20compare%20people%20with%20related%20talents%20say%2C%20the%20Chinese%20or%20the%20Germans%20with%20the%20Jews%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20who%20is%20ranked%20first%20and%20who%20is%20ranked%20fifth.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhich%20of%20them%20has%20proved%20victorious%20for%20the%20time%20being%2C%20Rome%20or%20Judea%3F%20Surely%20there%E2%80%99s%20not%20the%20slightest%20doubt.%20Just%20think%20of%20who%20it%20is%20people%20bow%20down%20to%20today%20in%20Rome%20as%20the%20personification%20of%20all%20the%20highest%20values%20and%20not%20only%20in%20Rome%2C%20but%20in%20almost%20half%20the%20earth%2C%26nbsp%3B%20all%20the%20places%20where%20people%20have%20become%20merely%20tame%20or%20want%20to%20become%20tame%20in%20front%20of%20three%20Jews%2C%20as%20we%20know%2C%20and%20one%20Jewess%20(in%20front%20of%20Jesus%20of%20Nazareth%2C%20the%20fisherman%20Peter%2C%20the%20carpet%20worker%20Paul%2C%20and%20the%20mother%20of%20the%20first-mentioned%20Jesus%2C%20named%20Mary).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENow%2C%20this%20is%20very%20remarkable%3A%20without%20doubt%20Rome%20has%20been%20conquered.%20It%E2%80%99s%20true%20that%20in%20the%20Renaissance%20there%20was%20a%20brilliant%2C%20incredible%20re-awakening%20of%20the%20classical%20ideal%2C%20the%20noble%20way%20of%20evaluating%20everything.%20Rome%20itself%20behaved%20like%20someone%20who%20had%20woken%20up%20from%20a%20coma%20induced%20by%20the%20pressure%20of%20the%20new%20Jewish%20Rome%20built%20over%20it%2C%20which%20looked%20like%20an%20ecumenical%20synagogue%20and%20was%20called%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20church.%E2%80%9D%20But%20immediately%20Judea%20triumphed%20again%2C%20thanks%20to%20that%20basically%20vulgar%20(German%20and%20English)%20movement%20of%20resentment%2C%20which%20we%20call%20the%20Reformation%2C%20together%20with%20what%20had%20to%20follow%20as%20a%20consequence%2C%20the%20re-establishment%20of%20the%20church%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20re-establishment%20of%20the%20old%20grave-like%20tranquillity%20of%20classical%20Rome.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20what%20is%20an%20even%20more%20decisive%20and%20deeper%20sense%2C%20Judea%20once%20again%20was%20victorious%20over%20the%20classical%20ideal%20at%20the%20time%20of%20the%20French%20Revolution.%20The%20last%20political%20nobility%20which%20we%20had%20in%20Europe%2C%20in%20seventeenth%20and%20eighteenth%20century%20France%2C%20broke%20apart%20under%20the%20instincts%20of%20popular%20resentment%20never%20on%20earth%20has%20there%20been%20heard%20a%20greater%20rejoicing%2C%20a%20noisier%20enthusiasm!%20It%E2%80%99s%20true%20that%20in%20the%20midst%20of%20all%20this%20the%20most%20dreadful%20and%20most%20unexpected%20events%20took%20place%3A%20the%20old%20ideal%20itself%20stepped%20physically%20and%20with%20unheard-of%20splendour%20before%20the%20eyes%20and%20the%20conscience%20of%20humanity%20and%20once%20again%20stronger%2C%20simpler%2C%20and%20more%20urgently%20than%20ever%20rang%20out%2C%20in%20opposition%20to%20the%20old%20lie%2C%20to%20the%20slogan%20of%20resentment%20about%20the%20privileged%20rights%20of%20the%20majority%2C%20in%20opposition%20to%20that%20will%20for%20a%20low%20condition%2C%20abasement%2C%20equality%2C%20for%20the%20decline%20and%20extinguishing%20of%20mankind%20in%20opposition%20to%20all%20that%20there%20rang%20out%20a%20fearsome%20and%20delightful%20counter-slogan%20about%20the%20privileged%20rights%20of%20the%20few!%20As%20a%20last%20signpost%20to%20a%20different%20road%2C%20Napoleon%20appeared%2C%20the%20most%20singular%20and%20late-born%20man%20there%20ever%20was%2C%20and%20in%20him%20the%20problem%20of%20the%20inherently%20noble%20ideal%20was%20made%20flesh.%20We%20might%20well%20think%20about%20what%20sort%20of%20a%20problem%20that%20is%3A%20Napoleon%2C%20this%20synthesis%20of%20the%20inhuman%20and%20the%20superhuman...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXVII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EDid%20that%20end%20it%3F%20Was%20that%20greatest%20of%20all%20opposition%20of%20ideals%20thus%20set%20%3Ci%3Ead%20acta%20%5Baside%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20for%20all%20time%3F%20Or%20was%20it%20merely%20postponed%2C%20postponed%20indefinitely%3F%20.%20.%20.%20Some%20day%2C%20after%20a%20much%20longer%20preparation%2C%20will%20an%20even%20more%20fearful%20blaze%20from%20the%20old%20fire%20not%20have%20to%20take%20place%3F%26nbsp%3B%20More%20than%20that%3A%20isn%E2%80%99t%20this%20exactly%20something%20we%20should%20hope%20for%20with%20all%20our%20strength%20even%20will%20it%20or%20demand%20it%3F...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAnyone%20who%2C%20like%20my%20readers%2C%20begins%20to%20reflect%20on%20these%20points%20and%20to%20think%20further%20will%20have%20difficulty%20coming%20to%20a%20quick%20conclusion%20reason%20enough%20for%20me%20to%20come%20to%20a%20conclusion%20myself%2C%20provided%20that%20it%20has%20been%20crystal%20clear%20for%20a%20long%20time%20what%20I%20want%2C%20precisely%20what%20I%20want%20with%20that%20dangerous%20slogan%20which%20is%20written%20on%20the%20body%20of%20my%20last%20book%3A%20%E2%80%9CBeyond%20Good%20and%20Evil%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.%20at%20least%20this%20does%20not%20mean%20%E2%80%9CBeyond%20Good%20and%20Bad.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENote%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%E2%80%99m%20taking%20the%20opportunity%20provided%20to%20me%20by%20this%20essay%20publicly%20and%20formally%20to%20state%20a%20desire%20which%20I%20have%20expressed%20up%20to%20now%20only%20in%20occasional%20conversations%20with%20scholars%2C%20namely%2C%20that%20some%20philosophical%20faculty%20might%20set%20up%20a%20series%20of%20award-winning%20academic%20essays%20in%20order%20to%20serve%20the%20advancement%20of%20studies%20into%20the%20history%20of%20morality.%20Perhaps%20this%20book%20will%20serve%20to%20provide%20a%20forceful%20push%20in%20precisely%20such%20a%20direction.%20Bearing%20in%20mind%20a%20possibility%20of%20this%20sort%2C%20let%20me%20suggest%20the%20following%20question%20it%20merits%20the%20attention%20of%20philologists%20and%20historians%20as%20much%20as%20of%20professional%20philosophical%20scholars%3A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhat%20indications%20does%20the%20scientific%20study%20of%20language%2C%20especially%20etymological%20research%2C%20provide%20for%20the%20history%20of%20the%20development%20of%20moral%20concepts%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOn%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20it%20is%2C%20of%20course%2C%20just%20as%20necessary%20to%20attract%20the%20participation%20of%20physiologists%20and%20doctors%20in%20this%20problem%20(of%20the%20value%20of%20all%20methods%20of%20evaluating%20up%20to%20now).%20That%20task%20might%20be%20left%20to%20the%20faculties%20of%20philosophers%20and%20in%20this%20single%20matter%20they%20could%20become%20advocates%20and%20mediators%2C%20after%20they%20have%20completely%20succeeded%20in%20converting%20the%20relationship%20between%20philosophy%2C%20physiology%2C%20and%20medicine%2C%20originally%20so%20aloof%2C%20so%20mistrusting%2C%20into%20the%20most%20friendly%20and%20fruitful%20exchange.%20In%20fact%2C%20all%20the%20tables%20of%20value%2C%20all%20the%20%E2%80%9Cyou%20should%E2%80%99s%E2%80%9D%20which%20history%20or%20ethnology%20knows%20about%2C%20need%2C%20first%20and%20foremost%2C%20illumination%20and%20interpretation%20from%20physiology%2C%20rather%20than%20from%20psychology.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAnd%20all%20of%20them%20similarly%20await%20a%20critique%20from%20the%20point%20of%20view%20of%20medical%20science.%20The%20question%20%E2%80%9CWhat%20is%20this%20or%20that%20table%20of%20values%20and%20%E2%80%98morality%E2%80%99%20worth%3F%E2%80%9D%20will%20be%20set%20under%20the%20different%20perspectives.%20For%20we%20cannot%20analyze%20the%20question%20%E2%80%9CValue%20for%20what%3F%E2%80%9D%20too%20finely.%20Something%2C%20for%20example%2C%20that%20has%20an%20apparent%20value%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20longest%20possible%20capacity%20for%20survival%20of%20a%20race%20(or%20for%20an%20increase%20in%20its%20power%20to%20adapt%20to%20a%20certain%20climate%20or%20for%20the%20preservation%20of%20the%20greatest%20number)%20would%20have%20nothing%20like%20the%20same%20value%2C%20if%20the%20issue%20is%20one%20of%20developing%20a%20stronger%20type.%20The%20well-being%20of%20the%20majority%20and%20the%20well-being%20of%20the%20fewest%20are%20opposing%20viewpoints%20for%20values.%20We%20will%20leave%20it%20to%20the%20na%C3%AFvet%C3%A9%20of%20English%20biologists%20to%20take%20the%20first%20as%20the%20one%20of%20inherently%20higher%20value.%20All%20the%20sciences%20from%20now%20on%20have%20to%20advance%20the%20future%20work%20of%20the%20philosopher%2C%20understanding%20that%20the%20philosopher%20has%20to%20solve%20the%20problem%20of%20value%2C%20that%20he%20has%20to%20determine%20the%20rank%20order%20of%20values.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20align%3D%22center%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20center%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20align%3D%22center%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20center%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cb%3E%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESECOND%20ESSAY%3A%20GUILT%2C%20BAD%20CONSCIENCE%20AND%20RELATED%20MATTERS%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22MsoNormal%22%20style%3D%22text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22initialcap%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETo%20breed%20an%20animal%20that%20is%20entitled%20to%20make%20promises%20surely%20that%20is%20the%20essence%20of%20the%20paradoxical%20task%20nature%20has%20set%20itself%20where%20human%20beings%20are%20concerned%3F%20Isn%E2%80%99t%20that%20the%20real%20problem%20of%20human%20beings%3F%20The%20fact%20that%20this%20problem%20has%20largely%20been%20resolved%20must%20seem%20all%20the%20more%20astonishing%20to%20a%20person%20who%20knows%20how%20to%20appreciate%20fully%20the%20power%20which%20works%20against%20this%20promise-making%2C%20namely%20forgetfulness.%20Forgetfulness%20is%20not%20merely%20a%20%3Ci%3Evis%20interiae%20%5Ba%20force%20of%20inertia%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20as%20superficial%20people%20think.%20Is%20it%20much%20rather%20an%20active%20capability%20to%20repress%2C%20something%20positive%20in%20the%20strongest%20sense.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20can%20ascribe%20to%20forgetfulness%20the%20fact%20what%20while%20we%20are%20digesting%20what%20we%20alone%20live%20through%20and%20experience%20and%20absorb%20(we%20might%20call%20the%20process%20mental%20ingestion%20%3Ci%3E%5BEinverseelung%5D%3C%2Fi%3E)%2C%20we%20are%20conscious%20of%20what%20is%20going%20on%20as%20little%20as%20we%20are%20with%20the%20thousand-fold%20process%20which%20our%20bodily%20nourishment%20goes%20through%20(so-called%20physical%20ingestion%20%3Ci%3E%5BEinverleibung%5D%3C%2Fi%3E).%20The%20doors%20and%20windows%20of%20consciousness%20are%20shut%20from%20time%20to%20time%2C%20so%20that%20it%20stays%20undisturbed%20by%20the%20noise%20and%20struggle%20with%20which%20the%20underworld%20of%20our%20functional%20organs%20keeps%20working%20for%20and%20against%20one%20another%20a%20small%20quiet%20place%2C%20a%20little%20%3Ci%3Etabula%20rasa%20%5Bblank%20slate%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20of%20the%20consciousness%2C%20so%20that%20there%20will%20again%20be%20room%20for%20something%20new%2C%20above%20all%2C%20for%20the%20nobler%20functions%20and%20officials%2C%20for%20ruling%2C%20thinking%20ahead%2C%20determining%20what%20to%20do%20(for%20our%20organism%20is%20arranged%20as%20an%20oligarchy)%20that%20is%2C%20as%20I%20said%2C%20the%20use%20of%20active%20forgetfulness%2C%20like%20some%20porter%20at%20the%20door%2C%20a%20maintainer%20of%20psychic%20order%2C%20quiet%2C%20and%20etiquette.%20From%20that%20we%20can%20see%20at%20once%20how%2C%20if%20forgetfulness%20were%20not%20present%2C%20there%20could%20be%20no%20happiness%2C%20no%20cheerfulness%2C%20no%20hoping%2C%20no%20pride%2C%20no%20present.%20The%20man%20in%20whom%20this%20repression%20apparatus%20is%20harmed%20and%20not%20working%20properly%20we%20can%20compare%20to%20a%20dyspeptic%20(and%20not%20just%20compare)%20he%20is%20%E2%80%9Cfinished%E2%80%9D%20with%20nothing.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENow%20this%20necessarily%20forgetful%20animal%20in%20which%20forgetfulness%20is%20present%20as%20a%20force%2C%20as%20a%20form%20of%20strong%20health%2C%20has%20had%20an%20opposing%20capability%20bred%20into%20it%2C%20a%20memory%2C%20with%20the%20help%20of%20which%2C%20in%20certain%20cases%2C%20its%20forgetfulness%20will%20cease%20to%20function%20that%20is%2C%20for%20those%20cases%20where%20promises%20are%20to%20be%20made.%20This%20is%20in%20no%20way%20a%20merely%20passive%20inability%20ever%20to%20be%20rid%20of%20an%20impression%20once%20it%20has%20been%20etched%20into%20the%20mind%2C%20nor%20is%20it%20merely%20indigestion%20over%20a%20word%20one%20has%20pledged%20at%20a%20particular%20time%20and%20which%20one%20can%20no%20longer%20be%20over%20and%20done%20with.%20No%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20an%20active%20wish%20not%20to%20be%20free%20of%20the%20matter%2C%20a%20continuing%20desire%20for%20what%20one%20willed%20at%20a%20particular%20time%2C%20a%20real%20memory%20of%20one%E2%80%99s%20will%2C%20so%20that%20between%20the%20original%20%E2%80%9CI%20will%E2%80%9D%20or%20%E2%80%9CI%20will%20do%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20actual%20discharge%20of%20the%20will%2C%20its%20real%20action%2C%20without%20thinking%20about%20it%2C%20a%20world%20of%20strange%20new%20things%2C%20circumstances%2C%20even%20acts%20of%20the%20will%20can%20intervene%2C%20without%20breaking%20this%20long%20chain%20of%20the%20will.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20consider%20what%20that%20presupposes!%20In%20order%20to%20organize%20the%20future%20in%20this%20manner%2C%20human%20beings%20must%20have%20first%20learned%20to%20separate%20necessary%20events%20from%20chance%20events%2C%20to%20think%20in%20terms%20of%20cause%20and%20effect%2C%20to%20see%20distant%20events%20as%20if%20they%20were%20present%2C%20to%20anticipate%20them%2C%20to%20set%20goals%20and%20the%20means%20to%20reach%20them%20safely%2C%20to%20develop%20a%20capability%20for%20figures%20and%20calculations%20in%20general%20and%20for%20that%20to%20occur%2C%20a%20human%20being%20must%20necessarily%20have%20first%20become%20something%20one%20could%20predict%2C%20something%20bound%20by%20regular%20rules%2C%20even%20in%20the%20way%20he%20imagined%20himself%20to%20himself%2C%20so%20that%20finally%20he%20is%20able%20to%20act%20like%20someone%20who%20makes%20promises%20he%20can%20make%20himself%20into%20a%20pledge%20for%20the%20future!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EPrecisely%20that%20development%20is%20the%20long%20history%20of%20the%20origin%20of%20responsibility.%20The%20task%20of%20breeding%20an%20animal%20with%20a%20right%20to%20make%20promises%20contains%20within%20it%2C%20as%20we%20have%20already%20grasped%2C%20as%20a%20condition%20and%20prerequisite%2C%20the%20earlier%20task%20of%20first%20making%20a%20human%20being%20necessarily%20uniform%20to%20some%20extent%2C%20one%20among%20many%20others%20like%20him%2C%20regular%20and%20consequently%20predictable.%20The%20immense%20task%20involved%20in%20this%2C%20what%20I%20have%20called%20the%20%E2%80%9Cmorality%20of%20custom%E2%80%9D%20(cf.%20%3Ci%3EDaybreak%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20p.%207%2C%2013%2C%2016)%2C%20the%20essential%20work%20of%20a%20man%20on%20his%20own%20self%20in%20the%20longest-lasting%20age%20of%20the%20human%20race%2C%20his%20entire%20pre-historical%20work%2C%20derives%20its%20meaning%2C%20its%20grand%20justification%2C%20from%20the%20following%20point%2C%20no%20matter%20how%20much%20hardship%2C%20tyranny%2C%20monotony%20and%20idiocy%20it%20also%20manifested%3A%20with%20the%20help%20of%20the%20morality%20of%20custom%20and%20the%20social%20strait%20jacket%2C%20the%20human%20being%20was%20rendered%20truly%20predictable.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENow%2C%20let%E2%80%99s%20position%20ourselves%2C%20by%20contrast%2C%20at%20the%20end%20of%20this%20immense%20process%2C%20in%20the%20place%20where%20the%20tree%20finally%20yields%20its%20fruit%2C%20where%20society%20and%20the%20morality%20of%20custom%20finally%20bring%20to%20light%20the%20end%20for%20which%20they%20were%20simply%20the%20means.%20We%20find%20as%20the%20ripest%20fruit%20on%20that%20tree%20the%20sovereign%20individual%2C%20something%20which%20resembles%20only%20itself%2C%20which%20has%20broken%20loose%20again%20from%20the%20morality%20of%20custom%20the%20autonomous%20individual%20beyond%20morality%20(for%20%E2%80%9Cautonomous%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cmoral%E2%80%9D%20are%20mutually%20exclusive%20terms)%20in%20short%2C%20the%20human%20being%20who%20possesses%20his%20own%20independent%20and%20enduring%20will%2C%20who%20is%20entitled%20to%20make%20promises%20and%20in%20him%20a%20proud%20consciousness%2C%20quivering%20in%20every%20muscle%2C%20of%20what%20has%20finally%20been%20achieved%20and%20given%20living%20embodiment%20in%20him%3A%20a%20real%20consciousness%20of%20power%20and%20freedom%2C%20a%20feeling%20of%20completion%20for%20human%20beings%20generally.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThis%20man%20who%20has%20become%20free%2C%20who%20really%20has%20the%20right%20to%20make%20promises%2C%20this%20master%20of%20free%20will%2C%20this%20sovereign%20how%20can%20he%20not%20realize%20the%20superiority%20he%20enjoys%20over%20everyone%20who%20does%20not%20have%20the%20right%20to%20make%20a%20promise%20and%20make%20pledges%20on%20his%20own%20behalf%2C%20knowing%20how%20much%20trust%2C%20how%20much%20fear%2C%20and%20how%20much%20respect%20he%20creates%20(he%20is%20worthy%20of%20all%20three)%20and%20how%2C%20with%20this%20mastery%20over%20himself%2C%20he%20has%20necessarily%20been%20given%20in%20addition%20mastery%20over%20his%20circumstances%2C%20over%20nature%2C%20and%20over%20all%20creatures%20with%20a%20shorter%20and%20less%20reliable%20will%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20%E2%80%9Cfree%E2%80%9D%20man%2C%20the%20owner%20of%20an%20enduring%20unbreakable%20will%2C%20by%20possessing%20this%2C%20also%20acquires%20his%20own%20standard%20of%20value%3A%20he%20looks%20out%20from%20himself%20at%20others%20and%20confers%20respect%20or%20withholds%20it.%20And%20just%20as%20it%20will%20be%20necessary%20for%20him%20to%20honour%20those%20like%20him%2C%20the%20strong%20and%20dependable%20(who%20are%20entitled%20to%20make%20promises)%2C%20in%20other%20words%2C%20everyone%20who%20makes%20promises%20like%20a%20sovereign%2C%20seriously%2C%20rarely%2C%20and%20slowly%2C%20who%20is%20sparing%20with%20his%20trust%2C%20who%20honours%20another%20when%20he%20does%20trust%2C%20who%20gives%20his%20word%20as%20something%20reliable%2C%20because%20he%20knows%20he%20is%20strong%20enough%20to%20remain%20upright%20when%20opposed%20by%20misfortune%2C%20even%20when%20%E2%80%9Copposed%20by%20fate%2C%E2%80%9D%20so%20it%20will%20be%20necessary%20for%20him%20to%20keep%20his%20foot%20ready%20to%20kick%20the%20scrawny%20unreliable%20men%2C%20who%20make%20promises%20without%20being%20entitled%20to%2C%20and%20to%20hold%20his%20cane%20ready%20to%20punish%20the%20liar%20who%20breaks%20his%20word%20in%20the%20very%20moment%20it%20comes%20out%20of%20his%20mouth.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20proud%20knowledge%20of%20the%20extraordinary%20privilege%20of%20responsibility%2C%20the%20consciousness%20of%20this%20rare%20freedom%2C%20this%20power%20over%20oneself%20and%20destiny%2C%20have%20become%20internalized%20into%20the%20deepest%20parts%20of%20him%20and%20grown%20instinctual%2C%20have%20now%20become%20a%20dominating%20instinct.%20What%20will%20he%20call%20it%2C%20this%20dominating%20instinct%2C%20given%20that%20he%20finds%20he%20needs%20a%20word%20for%20it%3F%20There%E2%80%99s%20no%20doubt%20about%20this%20question%3A%20the%20sovereign%20man%20calls%20this%20instinct%20his%20conscience.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHis%20conscience%3F%20.%20.%20.%20To%20begin%20with%2C%20we%20can%20conjecture%20that%20the%20idea%20of%20%E2%80%9Cconscience%2C%E2%80%9D%20which%20we%20are%20encountering%20here%20in%20its%20highest%2C%20almost%20perplexing%20form%2C%20already%20has%20a%20long%20history%20and%20developmental%20process%20behind%20it.%20To%20be%20entitled%20to%20pledge%20one%E2%80%99s%20word%2C%20to%20do%20it%20with%20pride%2C%20and%20also%20to%20say%20%E2%80%9CYes%E2%80%9D%20to%20oneself%20that%20right%20is%20a%20ripe%20fruit%2C%20as%20I%20have%20mentioned%2C%20but%20it%20is%20also%20a%20late%20fruit.%20For%20what%20a%20long%20stretch%20of%20time%20this%20fruit%20must%20have%20hung%20tart%20and%20sour%20on%20the%20tree!%20And%20for%20an%20even%20longer%20time%20it%20was%20impossible%20to%20see%20any%20such%20fruit.%20It%20would%20appear%20that%20no%20one%20would%20have%20been%20entitled%20to%20make%20promises%2C%20even%20if%20everything%20about%20the%20tree%20was%20getting%20ready%20for%20it%20and%20was%20growing%20in%20that%20very%20direction.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CHow%20does%20one%20create%20a%20memory%20for%20the%20human%20animal%3F%20How%20does%20one%20stamp%20something%20like%20that%20into%20his%20partly%20dull%2C%20partly%20flickering%2C%20momentary%20understanding%2C%20this%20living%20embodiment%20of%20forgetfulness%2C%20so%20that%20it%20stays%20there%3F%E2%80%9D%20This%20ancient%20problem%2C%20as%20you%20can%20imagine%2C%20was%20not%20resolved%20right%20away%20with%20tender%20answers%20and%20methods.%20There%20is%20perhaps%20nothing%20more%20fearful%20and%20more%20terrible%20in%20the%20entire%20pre-history%20of%20human%20beings%20than%20the%20technique%20for%20developing%20his%20memory.%20%E2%80%9CWe%20burn%20something%20in%20so%20that%20it%20remains%20in%20the%20memory.%20Only%20something%20which%20never%20ceases%20to%20cause%20pain%20stays%20in%20the%20memory%E2%80%9D%20that%20is%20a%20leading%20principle%20of%20the%20most%20ancient%20(and%20unfortunately%20the%20most%20recent)%20psychology%20on%20earth.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20might%20even%20say%20that%20everywhere%20on%20earth%20nowadays%20where%20there%20is%20still%20solemnity%2C%20seriousness%2C%20mystery%2C%20and%20gloomy%20colours%20in%20the%20lives%20of%20men%20and%20people%2C%20something%20of%20that%20terror%20is%20still%20at%20work%2C%20the%20fear%20with%20which%20in%20earlier%20times%20on%20earth%20people%20made%20promises%2C%20pledged%20their%20word%2C%20or%20praised%20something.%20The%20past%2C%20the%20longest%2C%20deepest%2C%20most%20severe%20past%2C%20breathes%20on%20us%20and%20surfaces%20in%20us%20when%20we%20become%20%E2%80%9Csolemn.%E2%80%9D%20When%20the%20human%20being%20considered%20it%20necessary%20to%20make%20a%20memory%20for%20himself%2C%20it%20never%20happened%20without%20blood%2C%20martyrs%2C%20and%20sacrifices%20the%20most%20terrible%20sacrifices%20and%20pledges%20(among%20them%20the%20sacrifice%20of%20the%20first%20born)%2C%20the%20most%20repulsive%20self-mutilations%20(for%20example%20castration)%2C%20the%20cruellest%20forms%20of%20ritual%20in%20all%20the%20religious%20cults%20(and%20all%20religions%20are%20at%20bottom%20systems%20of%20cruelty)%20all%20that%20originates%20in%20that%20instinct%20which%20discovered%20that%20pain%20was%20the%20most%20powerful%20means%20of%20helping%20to%20develop%20the%20memory.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20a%20certain%20sense%20all%20asceticism%20belongs%20here%3A%20a%20couple%20of%20ideas%20need%20to%20be%20made%20indissoluble%2C%20omnipresent%2C%20unforgettable%2C%20%E2%80%9Cfixed%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20order%20to%20hypnotize%20the%20entire%20nervous%20and%20intellectual%20system%20through%20these%20%E2%80%9Cfixed%20ideas%E2%80%9D%20and%20the%20ascetic%20procedures%20and%20forms%20of%20life%20are%20the%20means%20whereby%20these%20ideas%20are%20freed%20from%20jostling%20around%20with%20all%20the%20other%20ideas%2C%20in%20order%20to%20make%20them%20%E2%80%9Cunforgettable.%E2%80%9D%20The%20worse%20the%20human%20being%E2%80%99s%20%E2%80%9Cmemory%E2%80%9D%20was%2C%20the%20more%20terrible%20his%20customs%20have%20always%20appeared.%20The%20harshness%20of%20the%20laws%20of%20punishment%20provide%20a%20special%20standard%20for%20measuring%20how%20much%20trouble%20people%20went%20to%20in%20order%20to%20triumph%20over%20forgetfulness%20and%20to%20maintain%20a%20present%20awareness%20of%20a%20few%20primitive%20demands%20of%20social%20living%20together%20for%20this%20slave%20of%20momentary%20feelings%20and%20desires.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20Germans%20certainly%20do%20not%20think%20of%20ourselves%20as%20a%20particularly%20cruel%20and%20hard-hearted%20people%2C%20even%20less%20as%20particularly%20careless%20people%20who%20live%20only%20in%20the%20present.%20But%20have%20a%20look%20at%20our%20old%20penal%20code%20in%20order%20to%20understand%20how%20much%20trouble%20it%20took%20on%20this%20earth%20to%20breed%20a%20%E2%80%9CPeople%20of%20Thinkers%E2%80%9D%20(by%20that%20I%20mean%20the%20peoples%20of%20Europe%2C%20among%20whom%20today%20we%20still%20find%20a%20maximum%20of%20trust%2C%20seriousness%2C%20tastelessness%2C%20and%20practicality%2C%20and%20who%2C%20with%20these%20characteristics%2C%20have%20a%20right%20to%20breed%20all%20sorts%20of%20European%20mandarins).%20These%20Germans%20have%20used%20terrible%20means%20to%20make%20themselves%20a%20memory%20in%20order%20to%20attain%20mastery%20over%20their%20vulgar%20and%20brutally%20crude%20basic%20instincts.%20Think%20of%20the%20old%20German%20punishments%2C%20for%20example%2C%20stoning%20(the%20legend%20even%20lets%20the%20mill%20stone%20fall%20on%20the%20head%20of%20the%20guilty%20person)%2C%20breaking%20on%20the%20wheel%20(the%20unique%20invention%20and%20specialty%20of%20the%20German%20genius%20in%20the%20area%20of%20punishment!)%2C%20impaling%20on%20a%20stake%2C%20ripping%20people%20apart%20or%20stamping%20them%20to%20death%20with%20horses%20(%E2%80%9Cquartering%E2%80%9D)%2C%20boiling%20the%20criminal%20in%20oil%20or%20wine%20(still%20done%20in%20the%20fourteenth%20and%20fifteenth%20centuries)%2C%20the%20well-loved%20practice%20of%20flaying%20(%E2%80%9Ccutting%20flesh%20off%20in%20strips%E2%80%9D)%2C%20carving%20flesh%20out%20of%20the%20chest%2C%20along%20with%2C%20of%20course%2C%20covering%20the%20offender%20with%20honey%20and%20leaving%20him%20to%20the%20flies%20in%20the%20burning%20sun.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWith%20the%20help%20of%20such%20images%20and%20procedures%20people%20finally%20retained%20five%20or%20six%20%E2%80%9CI%20will%20not%E2%80%99s%E2%80%9D%20in%20their%20memory%2C%20and%20so%20far%20as%20these%20precepts%20were%20concerned%20they%20gave%20their%20word%20in%20order%20to%20live%20with%20the%20advantages%20of%20society%20and%20that%20was%20that!%20With%20the%20assistance%20of%20this%20sort%20of%20memory%20people%20finally%20came%20to%20%E2%80%9Creason%E2%80%9D!%20Ah%2C%20reason%2C%20seriousness%2C%20mastery%20over%20emotions%2C%20the%20whole%20gloomy%20business%20called%20reflection%2C%20all%20these%20privileges%20and%20ceremonies%20of%20human%20beings%20how%20expensive%20they%20were!%20How%20much%20blood%20and%20horror%20is%20the%20basis%20for%20all%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20things%E2%80%9D!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20then%20how%20did%20that%20other%20%E2%80%9Cgloomy%20business%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20consciousness%20of%20guilt%2C%20the%20whole%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience%E2%80%9D%20come%20into%20the%20world%3F%20With%20this%20we%20turn%20back%20to%20our%20genealogists%20of%20morality.%20I%E2%80%99ll%20say%20it%20once%20more%20or%20perhaps%20I%20haven%E2%80%99t%20said%20it%20at%20all%20yet%20they%20are%20useless.%20With%20their%20own%20purely%20%E2%80%9Cmodern%E2%80%9D%20experience%20extending%20only%20through%20five%20periods%2C%20with%20no%20knowledge%20of%20or%20any%20desire%20to%20know%20the%20past%2C%20and%20even%20less%20historical%20insight%2C%20a%20%E2%80%9Csecond%20perspective%E2%80%9D%20something%20so%20necessary%20at%20this%20point%20they%20nonetheless%20pursue%20the%20history%20of%20morality.%20That%20must%20inevitably%20produce%20results%20which%20have%20a%20less%20than%20tenuous%20relationship%20to%20the%20truth.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHave%20these%20genealogists%20of%20morality%20up%20to%20this%20point%20allowed%20themselves%20to%20dream%2C%20even%20remotely%2C%20that%2C%20for%20instance%2C%20the%20major%20moral%20principle%20%E2%80%9Cguilt%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5BSchuld%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20derives%20its%20origin%20from%20the%20very%20materialistic%20idea%20%E2%80%9Cdebt%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5BSchulden%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20or%20that%20punishment%20developed%20entirely%20as%20repayment%2C%20without%20reference%20to%20any%20assumption%20about%20the%20freedom%20or%20lack%20of%20freedom%20of%20the%20will%20and%20did%20so%20to%20the%20point%20where%20it%20first%20required%20a%20high%20degree%20of%20human%20development%20so%20that%20the%20animal%20%E2%80%9Cman%E2%80%9D%20began%20to%20make%20those%20much%20more%20primitive%20distinctions%20between%20%E2%80%9Cintentional%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cnegligent%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Caccidental%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cresponsible%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20their%20opposites%20and%20bring%20them%20to%20bear%20when%20meting%20out%20punishment%3F%20That%20unavoidable%20idea%2C%20nowadays%20so%20trite%20and%20apparently%20natural%2C%20which%20has%20really%20had%20to%20serve%20as%20the%20explanation%20how%20the%20feeling%20of%20justice%20in%20general%20came%20into%20existence%20on%20earth%20%E2%80%9CThe%20criminal%20deserves%20punishment%20because%20he%20could%20have%20acted%20otherwise%E2%80%9D%20this%20idea%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20is%20an%20extremely%20late%20achievement%2C%20indeed%2C%20a%20sophisticated%20form%20of%20human%20judgment%20and%20decision%20making.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAnyone%20who%20moves%20this%20idea%20back%20to%20the%20very%20beginnings%20is%20sticking%20his%20coarse%20fingers%20inappropriately%20into%20the%20psychology%20of%20primitive%20humanity.%20For%20the%20most%20extensive%20period%20of%20human%20history%2C%20punishment%20was%20certainly%20not%20meted%20out%20because%20people%20held%20the%20instigator%20of%20evil%20responsible%20for%20his%20actions%2C%20nor%20was%20it%20assumed%20that%20only%20the%20guilty%20party%20should%20be%20punished.%20It%20was%20much%20more%20the%20case%2C%20as%20it%20still%20is%20now%20when%20parents%20punish%20their%20children%2C%20of%20anger%20over%20some%20harm%20which%20people%20have%20suffered%2C%20anger%20vented%20on%20the%20perpetrator.%20But%20this%20anger%20was%20restrained%20and%20modified%20through%20the%20idea%20that%20every%20injury%20had%20some%20equivalent%20and%20that%20compensation%20for%20it%20could%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20be%20paid%20out%2C%20even%20if%20that%20was%20through%20the%20pain%20of%20the%20perpetrator.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhere%20did%20this%20primitive%2C%20deeply%20rooted%2C%20and%20perhaps%20by%20now%20ineradicable%20idea%20derive%20its%20power%2C%20the%20idea%20of%20an%20equivalence%20between%20punishment%20and%20pain%3F%20I%20have%20already%20given%20away%20the%20answer%3A%20in%20the%20contractual%20relationship%20between%20creditor%20and%20debtor%2C%20which%20is%20as%20ancient%20as%20the%20idea%20of%20%E2%80%9Csomeone%20subject%20to%20law%E2%80%9D%20and%20which%2C%20in%20itself%2C%20refers%20back%20to%20the%20basic%20forms%20of%20buying%2C%20selling%2C%20bartering%2C%20trading%2C%20and%20exchanging%20goods.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIt%E2%80%99s%20true%20that%20recalling%20this%20contractual%20relationship%20arouses%2C%20as%20we%20might%20expect%20from%20what%20I%20have%20observed%20above%2C%20all%20sorts%20of%20suspicion%20of%20and%20opposition%20to%20primitive%20humanity%2C%20which%20established%20or%20allowed%20it.%20It%E2%80%99s%20precisely%20at%20this%20point%20that%20people%20make%20promises.%20Here%20the%20pertinent%20issue%20is%20that%20the%20person%20who%20makes%20a%20promise%20has%20to%20have%20a%20memory%20created%20for%20him%2C%20so%20that%20precisely%20at%20this%20point%2C%20we%20can%20surmise%2C%20there%20exists%20a%20site%20where%20we%20find%20harshness%2C%20cruelty%2C%20and%20pain.%20In%20order%20to%20inspire%20trust%20in%20his%20promise%20to%20pay%20back%2C%20in%20order%20to%20give%20his%20promise%20a%20guarantee%20of%20its%20seriousness%20and%20sanctity%2C%20in%20order%20to%20impress%20on%20his%20own%20conscience%20the%20idea%20of%20paying%20back%20as%20a%20duty%2C%20an%20obligation%2C%20the%20debtor%2C%20by%20virtue%20of%20the%20contract%2C%20pledges%20to%20the%20creditor%2C%20in%20the%20event%20that%20he%20does%20not%20pay%2C%20something%20that%20he%20still%20%E2%80%9Cowns%2C%E2%80%9D%20something%20over%20which%20he%20still%20exercises%20power%2C%20for%20example%2C%20his%20body%20or%20his%20wife%20or%20his%20freedom%20or%20even%20his%20life%20(or%2C%20under%20certain%20religious%20conditions%2C%20even%20his%20blessedness%2C%20the%20salvation%20of%20his%20soul%2C%20or%20finally%20his%20peace%20in%20the%20grave%2C%20as%20was%20the%20case%20in%20Egypt%2C%20where%20the%20dead%20body%20of%20the%20debtor%20even%20in%20the%20tomb%20found%20no%20peace%20from%20the%20creditor%20and%20it%E2%80%99s%20certain%20that%20with%20the%20Egyptians%20such%20peace%20was%20particularly%20important).%20That%20means%20that%20the%20creditor%20could%20inflict%20all%20kinds%20of%20ignominy%20and%20torture%20on%20the%20body%20of%20the%20debtor%20for%20instance%2C%20slicing%20off%20the%20body%20as%20much%20as%20seemed%20appropriate%20for%20the%20size%20of%20the%20debt.%20And%20this%20point%20of%20view%20early%20on%20and%20everywhere%20gave%20rise%20to%20precise%2C%20sometimes%20horrific%20estimates%20going%20into%20finer%20and%20finer%20details%2C%20legally%20established%20estimates%20about%20individual%20limbs%20and%20body%20parts.%20I%20consider%20it%20already%20a%20step%20forward%2C%20as%20evidence%20of%20a%20freer%20conception%20of%20the%20law%2C%20something%20which%20calculates%20more%20grandly%2C%20a%20more%20Roman%20idea%20of%20justice%2C%20when%20Rome%E2%80%99s%20Twelve%20Tables%20of%20Laws%20decreed%20it%20was%20all%20the%20same%2C%20no%20matter%20how%20much%20or%20how%20little%20the%20creditor%20cut%20off%20in%20such%20cases%3A%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Esi%20plus%20minusve%20secuerunt%2C%20ne%20fraude%20esto%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Blet%20it%20not%20be%20thought%20a%20crime%20if%20they%20cut%20off%20more%20or%20less%5D.%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%20us%20clarify%20the%20logic%20of%20this%20whole%20method%20of%20compensation%20it%20is%20weird%20enough.%20The%20equivalency%20is%20given%20in%20this%20way%3A%20instead%20of%20an%20advantage%20making%20up%20directly%20for%20the%20harm%20(hence%2C%20instead%20of%20compensation%20in%20gold%2C%20land%2C%20possessions%20of%20some%20sort%20or%20another)%2C%20the%20creditor%20is%20given%20a%20kind%20of%20pleasure%20as%20repayment%20and%20compensation%20the%20pleasure%20of%20being%20allowed%20to%20discharge%20his%20power%20on%20a%20powerless%20person%20without%20having%20to%20think%20about%20it%2C%20the%20delight%20in%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Ede%20fair%20le%20mal%20pour%20le%20plaisir%20de%20le%20faire%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bdoing%20wrong%20for%20the%20pleasure%20of%20doing%20it%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20the%20enjoyment%20of%20violation.%20This%20enjoyment%20is%20more%20highly%20prized%20the%20lower%20and%20baser%20the%20debtor%20stands%20in%20the%20social%20order%2C%20and%20it%20can%20easily%20seem%20to%20the%20creditor%20a%20delicious%20mouthful%2C%20even%20a%20foretaste%20of%20a%20higher%20rank.%20By%20means%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cpunishment%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20debtor%2C%20the%20creditor%20participates%20in%20a%20right%20belonging%20to%20the%20masters.%20Finally%20he%20himself%20for%20once%20comes%20to%20the%20lofty%20feeling%20of%20despising%20a%20being%20as%20someone%20%E2%80%9Cbelow%20him%2C%E2%80%9D%20as%20someone%20he%20is%20entitled%20to%20mistreat%20or%20at%20least%2C%20in%20the%20event%20that%20the%20real%20force%20of%20punishment%2C%20of%20inflicting%20punishment%2C%20has%20already%20been%20transferred%20to%20the%20%E2%80%9Cauthorities%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20feeling%20of%20seeing%20the%20debtor%20despised%20and%20mistreated.%20The%20compensation%20thus%20consist%20of%20a%20permission%20for%20and%20right%20to%20cruelty.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20this%20area%2C%20that%20is%2C%20in%20the%20laws%20of%20obligation%2C%20the%20world%20of%20the%20moral%20concepts%20%E2%80%9Cguilt%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cconscience%2C%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Csanctity%20of%20obligations%E2%80%9D%20originated.%20Its%20beginnings%2C%20just%20like%20the%20beginnings%20of%20everything%20great%20on%20earth%2C%20were%20watered%20thoroughly%20and%20for%20a%20long%20time%20with%20blood.%20And%20can%20we%20not%20add%20that%20this%20world%20deep%20down%20has%20never%20again%20been%20completely%20free%20of%20a%20certain%20smell%20of%20blood%20and%20torture%20(not%20even%20with%20old%20Kant%20whose%20categorical%20imperative%20stinks%20of%20cruelty%20.%20.%20.%20)%3F%20In%20addition%2C%20here%20the%20weird%20knot%20linking%20the%20ideas%20of%20%E2%80%9Cguilt%20and%20suffering%2C%E2%80%9D%20which%20perhaps%20has%20become%20impossible%20to%20undo%2C%20was%20first%20knit%20together.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%20me%20pose%20the%20question%20once%20more%3A%20to%20what%20extent%20can%20suffering%20be%20a%20compensation%20for%20%E2%80%9Cdebts%E2%80%9D%3F%20To%20the%20extent%20that%20making%20someone%20suffer%20provides%20the%20highest%20degree%20of%20pleasure%2C%20to%20the%20extent%20that%20the%20person%20hurt%20by%20the%20debt%2C%20in%20exchange%20for%20the%20injury%20and%20for%20the%20distress%20caused%20by%20the%20injury%2C%20got%20an%20extraordinary%20offsetting%20pleasure%20making%20someone%20suffer%20a%20real%20celebration%2C%20something%20that%2C%20as%20I%E2%80%99ve%20said%2C%20was%20valued%20all%20the%20more%2C%20the%20greater%20the%20difference%20between%20him%20and%20the%20rank%20and%20social%20position%20of%20the%20creditor.%20I%20have%20been%20speculating%20here%2C%20for%20it%E2%80%99s%20difficult%20to%20see%20such%20subterranean%20things%20from%20the%20surface%2C%20quite%20apart%20from%20the%20fact%20that%20it%E2%80%99s%20an%20embarrassing%20subject.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAnyone%20who%20crudely%20throws%20into%20the%20middle%20of%20all%20this%20the%20idea%20of%20%E2%80%9Crevenge%E2%80%9D%20has%20merely%20buried%20and%20dimmed%20his%20insights%20rather%20than%20illuminated%20them%20(revenge%20itself%20takes%20us%20back%20to%20the%20very%20same%20problem%20%E2%80%9CHow%20can%20making%20someone%20suffer%20give%20us%20a%20feeling%20of%20satisfaction%3F%E2%80%9D).%20It%20seems%20to%20me%20that%20the%20delicacy%20and%20even%20more%20the%20hypocrisy%20of%20tame%20house%20pets%20(I%20mean%20modern%20man%2C%20I%20mean%20us)%20resist%20a%20really%20powerful%20understanding%20of%20just%20how%20much%20cruelty%20contributes%20to%20the%20great%20celebratory%20joy%20of%20primitive%20humanity%2C%20as%20an%20ingredient%20mixed%20into%20almost%20all%20their%20enjoyments%20and%2C%20from%20another%20perspective%2C%20how%20na%C3%AFve%20and%20innocent%20their%20need%20for%20cruelty%20appears%2C%20how%20they%20basically%20accept%20%E2%80%9Cdisinterested%20malice%E2%80%9D%20(or%20to%20use%20Spinoza%E2%80%99s%20words%2C%20the%20%3Ci%3Esympathia%20malevolens%20%5Bmalevolent%20sympathy%5D%3C%2Fi%3E)%20as%20a%20normal%20human%20characteristic%2C%20and%20hence%20as%20something%20to%20which%20their%20conscience%20says%20a%20heartfelt%20Yes!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EA%20more%20deeply%20penetrating%20eye%20might%20still%20notice%2C%20even%20today%2C%20enough%20of%20this%20most%20ancient%20and%20most%20basic%20celebratory%20human%20joy.%20In%20%3Ci%3EBeyond%20Good%20and%20Evil%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20p.%20117%20ff.%20(even%20earlier%20in%20%3Ci%3EDaybreak%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20p.%2017%2C%2068%2C%20102)%2C%20I%20pointed%20a%20cautious%20finger%20at%20the%20constantly%20growing%20spiritualization%20and%20%E2%80%9Cdeification%E2%80%9D%20of%20cruelty%2C%20which%20runs%20through%20the%20entire%20history%20of%20higher%20culture%20(and%2C%20in%20a%20significant%20sense%2C%20even%20constitutes%20that%20culture).%20In%20any%20case%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20not%20so%20long%20ago%20that%20people%20wouldn%E2%80%99t%20think%20of%20an%20aristocratic%20wedding%20and%20folk%20festival%20in%20a%20grandest%20style%20without%20executions%2C%20tortures%2C%20or%20something%20like%20an%20%3Ci%3Eauto-da-f%C3%A9%20%5Bburning%20at%20the%20stake%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20and%20similarly%20no%20noble%20household%20lacked%20creatures%20on%20whom%20people%20could%20vent%20their%20malice%20and%20cruel%20taunts%20without%20a%20second%20thought%20(remember%20Don%20Quixote%20at%20the%20court%20of%20the%20duchess.%20Today%20we%20read%20all%20of%20%3Ci%3EDon%20Quixote%3C%2Fi%3E%20with%20a%20bitter%20taste%20on%20the%20tongue%20it%E2%80%99s%20almost%20an%20ordeal.%20In%20so%20doing%2C%20we%20become%20very%20foreign%2C%20very%20obscure%20to%20the%20author%20and%20his%20contemporaries.%20They%20read%20it%20with%20a%20fully%20clear%20conscience%20as%20the%20most%20cheerful%20of%20books.%20They%20almost%20died%20laughing%20at%20it).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWatching%20suffering%20is%20good%20for%20people%2C%20making%20someone%20suffer%20is%20even%20better%20that%20is%20a%20harsh%20principle%2C%20but%20an%20old%2C%20powerful%2C%20and%20human%2C%20all-too-human%20major%20principle%2C%20which%2C%20by%20the%20way%2C%20even%20the%20apes%20might%20agree%20with.%20For%20people%20say%20that%2C%20in%20thinking%20up%20bizarre%20cruelties%2C%20the%20apes%20already%20anticipate%20a%20great%20many%20human%20actions%20and%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%20%E2%80%9Cact%20them%20out.%E2%80%9D%20Without%20cruelty%20there%20is%20no%20celebration%3A%20that%E2%80%99s%20what%20the%20oldest%20and%20longest%20era%20of%20human%20history%20teaches%20us%20and%20with%20punishment%2C%20too%2C%20there%20is%20so%20much%20celebration!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWith%20these%20ideas%2C%20by%20the%20way%2C%20I%20have%20no%20desire%20whatsoever%20to%20give%20our%20pessimists%20grist%20for%20their%20discordant%20mills%20grating%20with%20the%20weariness%20of%20life.%20On%20the%20contrary%2C%20I%20want%20to%20state%20very%20clearly%20that%20in%20that%20period%20when%20human%20beings%20had%20not%20yet%20become%20ashamed%20of%20their%20cruelty%2C%20life%20on%20earth%20was%20happier%20than%20it%20is%20today%2C%20now%20that%20we%20have%20our%20pessimists.%20The%20darkening%20of%20heaven%20over%20men%E2%80%99s%20heads%20has%20always%20increased%20quickly%20in%20proportion%20to%20the%20growth%20of%20human%20beings%E2%80%99%20shame%20at%20human%20beings.%20The%20tired%2C%20pessimistic%20look%2C%20the%20mistrust%20of%20the%20riddle%20of%20life%2C%20the%20icy%20denial%20stemming%20from%20disgust%20with%20life%20these%20are%20not%20the%20signs%20of%20the%20wickedest%20eras%20in%20the%20history%20of%20human%20beings.%20It%E2%80%99s%20more%20the%20case%20that%20they%20first%20come%20to%20light%20as%20the%20swamp%20plants%20they%20are%20when%20the%20swamp%20to%20which%20they%20belong%20is%20there%20I%20mean%20the%20sickly%20mollycoddling%20and%20moralizing%2C%20thanks%20to%20which%20the%20animal%20%E2%80%9Cman%E2%80%9D%20finally%20learns%20to%20feel%20shame%20about%20all%20his%20instincts.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOn%20his%20way%20to%20becoming%20an%20%E2%80%9Cangel%E2%80%9D%20(not%20to%20use%20a%20harsher%20word%20here)%2C%20man%20developed%20an%20upset%20stomach%20and%20a%20furry%20tongue%20which%20made%20him%20not%20only%20fight%20against%20the%20joy%20and%20innocence%20of%20the%20animal%20but%20even%20lose%20his%20taste%20for%20life%2C%20so%20that%20now%20and%20then%20he%20stands%20there%2C%20holds%20his%20nose%2C%20and%20with%20Pope%20Innocent%20III%20disapproves%20of%20himself%20and%20makes%20a%20catalogue%20of%20his%20nastiness%20(%E2%80%9Cconceived%20in%20filth%2C%20disgustingly%20nourished%20in%20his%20mother%E2%80%99s%20body%2C%20developed%20out%20of%20evil%20material%20stuff%2C%20stinking%20horribly%2C%20a%20secretion%20of%20spit%2C%20urine%2C%20and%20excrement%E2%80%9D).%20Now%2C%20when%20suffering%20always%20has%20to%20march%20out%20as%20the%20first%20argument%20against%20existence%2C%20as%20its%20most%20serious%20question%20mark%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20good%20for%20us%20to%20remember%20the%20times%20when%20people%20judged%20things%20the%20other%20way%20around%2C%20because%20they%20couldn%E2%80%99t%20do%20without%20making%20people%20suffer%20and%20saw%20a%20first-class%20magic%20in%20it%2C%20a%20really%20tempting%20enticement%20for%20living.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EPerhaps%2C%20and%20let%20me%20say%20this%20as%20a%20consolation%20for%20the%20delicate%2C%20at%20that%20time%20pain%20didn%E2%80%99t%20hurt%20as%20much%20as%20it%20does%20nowadays.%20At%20least%20that%20could%20be%20the%20conclusion%20of%20a%20doctor%20who%20had%20treated%20a%20Negro%20(taking%20the%20latter%20as%20a%20representative%20of%20pre-historical%20man)%20for%20a%20bad%20case%20of%20inner%20inflammation%2C%20which%20drives%20the%20European%20with%20the%20best%20constitution%20almost%20to%20despair%20but%20which%20doesn%E2%80%99t%20have%20the%20same%20effect%20on%20the%20Negro.%20(The%20graph%20of%20the%20human%20sensitivity%20to%20pain%20seems%20in%20fact%20to%20sink%20down%20remarkably%20and%20almost%20immediately%20after%20the%20first%20ten%20thousand%20or%20ten%20million%20of%20the%20top%20members%20of%20the%20higher%20culture.%20And%20I%20personally%20have%20no%20doubt%20that%2C%20in%20comparison%20with%20one%20painful%20night%20of%20a%20single%20hysterical%20well-educated%20female%2C%20the%20total%20suffering%20of%20all%20animals%20which%20up%20to%20now%20have%20been%20interrogated%20by%20the%20knife%20for%20scientific%20purposes%20is%20really%20insignificant).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EPerhaps%20it%20is%20even%20permissible%20to%20concede%20the%20possibility%20that%20the%20pleasure%20in%20cruelty%20does%20not%20really%20need%20to%20die%20out.%20Since%20today%20pain%20does%20more%20harm%2C%20the%20relevant%20pleasure%20needed%20only%20to%20be%20sublimated%20and%20made%20more%20subtle%20in%20other%20words%2C%20it%20had%20to%20appear%20translated%20into%20the%20imaginative%20and%20spiritual%20and%20embellished%20with%20nothing%20but%20names%20so%20unobjectionable%20that%20they%20arouse%20no%20suspicion%20in%20even%20the%20most%20delicate%20hypocritical%20conscience%20(%E2%80%9Ctragic%20pity%E2%80%9D%20is%20one%20such%20name%3B%20another%20is%20%E2%80%9C%3Ci%3Eles%20nostalgies%20de%20la%20croix%3C%2Fi%3E%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5Bnostalgia%20for%20the%20cross%5D%3C%2Fi%3E).%20What%20really%20enrages%20people%20about%20suffering%20is%20not%20the%20suffering%20itself%2C%20but%20the%20meaninglessness%20of%20suffering.%20But%20neither%20for%20the%20Christian%2C%20who%20sees%20in%20suffering%20an%20entire%20secret%20machinery%20for%20salvation%2C%20nor%20for%20the%20na%C3%AFve%20men%20of%20older%20times%2C%20who%20understood%20how%20to%20interpret%20all%20suffering%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20spectator%20or%20to%20the%20person%20inflicting%20the%20suffering%2C%20was%20there%20generally%20any%20such%20meaningless%20suffering.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20order%20for%20the%20hidden%2C%20undiscovered%2C%20unwitnessed%20suffering%20to%20be%20removed%20from%20the%20world%20and%20for%20people%20to%20be%20able%20to%20deny%20it%20honestly%2C%20they%20were%20then%20almost%20compelled%20to%20invent%20gods%20and%20intermediate%20beings%20at%20all%20levels%2C%20high%20and%20low%20briefly%20put%2C%20something%20that%20also%20roamed%20in%20hidden%20places%2C%20that%20also%20looked%20into%20the%20darkness%2C%20and%20that%20would%20not%20readily%20permit%20an%20interesting%20painful%20spectacle%20to%20escape%20its%20attention.%20Hence%2C%20with%20the%20help%20of%20such%20inventions%20life%20then%20understood%20and%20has%20always%20understood%20how%20to%20justify%20itself%20by%20a%20trick%2C%20how%20to%20justify%20its%20%E2%80%9Cevil.%E2%80%9D%20Nowadays%20perhaps%20it%20requires%20other%20helpful%20inventions%20(for%20example%2C%20life%20as%20riddle%2C%20life%20as%20a%20problem%20of%20knowledge).%20%E2%80%9CEvery%20evil%20which%20is%20uplifting%20in%20the%20eyes%20of%20a%20god%20is%20justified%E2%80%9D%3A%20that%E2%80%99s%20how%20the%20pre-historical%20logic%20of%20feeling%20rang%20out%20and%20was%20that%20really%20confined%20to%20pre-history%3F%20The%20gods%20conceived%20of%20as%20friends%20of%20cruel%20spectacle%20oh%2C%20how%20far%20this%20primitive%20idea%20still%20rises%20up%20in%20our%20European%20humanity!%20We%20might%20well%20seek%20advice%20from%20Calvin%20and%20Luther%20on%20this%20point.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20any%20rate%20it%20is%20certain%20that%20even%20the%20Greeks%20knew%20of%20no%20more%20acceptable%20snack%20to%20offer%20their%20gods%20to%20make%20them%20happy%20than%20the%20joys%20of%20cruelty.%20With%20what%20sort%20of%20expression%2C%20do%20you%20think%2C%20did%20Homer%20allow%20his%20gods%20to%20look%20down%20on%20the%20fate%20of%20men%3F%20What%20final%20sense%20was%20there%20essentially%20in%20the%20Trojan%20War%20and%20similar%20frightful%20tragedies%3F%20We%20cannot%20entertain%20the%20slightest%20doubts%20about%20this%3A%20they%20were%20intended%20as%20celebrations%20for%20the%20gods%20and%2C%20to%20the%20extent%20that%20the%20poet%20is%20in%20these%20matters%20more%20%E2%80%9Cgodlike%E2%80%9D%20than%20other%20men%2C%20as%20festivals%20for%20the%20poets%20as%20well.%20Later%20the%20Greek%20moral%20philosophers%20in%20the%20same%20way%20imagined%20the%20eyes%20of%20god%20looking%20down%20on%20the%20moral%20struggles%2C%20on%20heroism%20and%20the%20self-mutilation%20of%20the%20virtuous%3A%20the%20%E2%80%9CHercules%20of%20duty%E2%80%9D%20was%20on%20a%20stage%2C%20and%20he%20knew%20he%20was%20there.%20Without%20someone%20watching%2C%20virtue%20for%20this%20race%20of%20actors%20was%20something%20entirely%20inconceivable.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESurely%20such%20a%20daring%20and%20fateful%20philosophical%20invention%2C%20first%20made%20for%20Europe%20at%20that%20time%2C%20the%20invention%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cfree%20will%2C%E2%80%9D%20of%20the%20absolutely%20spontaneous%20nature%20of%20human%20beings%20in%20matters%20of%20good%20and%20evil%2C%20was%20created%20above%20all%20to%20justify%20the%20idea%20that%20the%20interest%20of%20gods%20in%20men%20and%20in%20human%20virtue%20could%20never%20run%20out%3F%20On%20this%20earthly%20stage%20there%20was%20never%20to%20be%20any%20lack%20of%20really%20new%20things%2C%20really%20unheard%20of%20suspense%2C%20complication%2C%20catastrophe.%20A%20world%20conceived%20of%20as%20perfectly%20deterministic%20would%20have%20been%20predictable%20to%20the%20gods%20and%20therefore%20also%20soon%20boring%20for%20them.%20That%20was%20reason%20enough%20for%20these%20friends%20of%20the%20gods%2C%20the%20philosophers%2C%20not%20to%20ascribe%20such%20a%20deterministic%20world%20to%20their%20gods!%20All%20of%20ancient%20humanity%20is%20full%20of%20sensitive%20consideration%20for%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20spectator%2C%E2%80%9D%20for%20a%20truly%20public%2C%20truly%20visible%20world%2C%20which%20did%20not%20know%20how%20to%20imagine%20happiness%20without%20dramatic%20performances%20and%20festivals.%20And%2C%20as%20I%20have%20already%20said%2C%20in%20the%20great%20punishments%20there%20is%20also%20so%20much%20celebration!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EVIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETo%20resume%20the%20path%20of%20our%20enquiry%2C%20the%20feeling%20of%20guilt%2C%20of%20personal%20obligation%20has%2C%20as%20we%20saw%2C%20its%20origin%20in%20the%20oldest%20and%20most%20primitive%20personal%20relationship%20there%20is%20and%20has%20been%20in%20the%20relationship%20between%20seller%20and%20buyer%2C%20creditor%20and%20debtor.%20Here%20for%20the%20first%20time%20one%20person%20encountered%20another%20person%20and%20measured%20himself%20against%20him.%20We%20have%20not%20yet%20found%20a%20civilization%20at%20such%20a%20low%20level%20that%20something%20of%20this%20relationship%20is%20not%20already%20perceptible.%20To%20set%20prices%2C%20measure%20values%2C%20think%20up%20equivalencies%2C%20to%20exchange%20things%20that%20preoccupied%20man%E2%80%99s%20very%20first%20thinking%20to%20such%20a%20degree%20that%20in%20a%20certain%20sense%20it%E2%80%99s%20what%20thinking%20is.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20very%20oldest%20form%20of%20astuteness%20was%20bred%20here%20here%2C%20too%2C%20we%20can%20assume%20are%20the%20first%20beginnings%20of%20human%20pride%2C%20his%20feeling%20of%20pre-eminence%20in%20relation%20to%20other%20animals.%20Perhaps%20our%20word%20%E2%80%9Cman%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5BMensch%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20(%3Ci%3Emanas%3C%2Fi%3E)%20continues%20to%20express%20directly%20something%20of%20this%20feeling%20of%20the%20self%3A%20the%20human%20being%20describes%20himself%20as%20a%20being%20which%20assesses%20values%2C%20which%20values%20and%20measures%2C%20as%20the%20%E2%80%9Cinherently%20calculating%20animal.%E2%80%9D%20Selling%20and%20buying%2C%20together%20with%20their%20psychological%20attributes%2C%20are%20even%20older%20than%20the%20beginnings%20of%20any%20form%20of%20social%20organization%20and%20grouping.%20It%20is%20much%20rather%20the%20case%20that%20out%20of%20the%20most%20rudimentary%20form%20of%20personal%20legal%20rights%20the%20budding%20feeling%20of%20exchange%2C%20contract%2C%20guilt%2C%20law%2C%20duty%2C%20and%20compensation%20were%20first%20transferred%20to%20the%20crudest%20and%20earliest%20social%20structures%20(in%20their%20relationships%20with%20similar%20social%20structures)%2C%20along%20with%20the%20habit%20of%20comparing%20power%20with%20power%2C%20of%20measuring%2C%20of%20calculating.%20The%20eye%20was%20now%20at%20any%20rate%20adjusted%20to%20this%20perspective%2C%20and%20with%20that%20awkward%20consistency%20characteristic%20of%20the%20thinking%20in%20ancient%20human%20beings%2C%20hard%20to%20get%20started%20but%20then%20inexorably%20moving%20forward%20in%20the%20same%20direction%2C%20people%20soon%20reached%20the%20great%20generalization%20%E2%80%9CEverything%20has%20its%20price%2C%20everything%20can%20be%20paid%20off%E2%80%9D%20the%20oldest%20and%20most%20na%C3%AFve%20moral%20principle%20of%20justice%2C%20the%20beginning%20of%20all%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20nature%2C%E2%80%9D%20all%20%E2%80%9Cfairness%2C%E2%80%9D%20all%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20will%2C%E2%80%9D%20all%20%E2%80%9Cobjectivity%E2%80%9D%20on%20earth.%20Justice%20at%20this%20first%20stage%20is%20good%20will%20among%20those%20approximately%20equal%20in%20power%20to%20come%20to%20terms%20with%20each%20other%2C%20to%20%E2%80%9Cunderstand%E2%80%9D%20each%20other%20again%20by%20compensation%20and%20in%20relation%20to%20those%20less%20powerful%2C%20to%20compel%20them%20to%20arrive%20at%20some%20settlement%20among%20themselves.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EStill%20measuring%20by%20the%20standard%20of%20pre-history%20(a%20pre-history%20which%2C%20by%20the%20way%2C%20is%20present%20at%20all%20times%20or%20is%20capable%20of%20returning)%2C%20the%20community%20also%20stands%20in%20relation%20to%20its%20members%20in%20that%20important%20basic%20relationship%20of%20the%20creditor%20to%20his%20debtors.%20People%20live%20in%20a%20community.%20They%20enjoy%20the%20advantages%20of%20a%20community%20(and%20what%20fine%20advantages%20they%20are!%20Nowadays%20we%20sometimes%20underestimate%20them)%20they%20live%20protected%2C%20cared%20for%2C%20in%20peace%20and%20trust%2C%20without%20worries%20concerning%20certain%20injuries%20and%20enmities%20from%20which%20the%20man%20outside%20the%20community%2C%20the%20%E2%80%9Cman%20without%20peace%2C%E2%80%9D%20is%20excluded%20a%20German%20understands%20what%20%E2%80%9Cmisery%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5BElend%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20or%20%3Ci%3E%C3%AAlend%20%5Bother%20country%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20originally%20meant%20and%20how%20people%20pledged%20themselves%20to%20and%20entered%20into%20obligations%20with%20the%20community%20bearing%20in%20mind%20precisely%20these%20injuries%20and%20enmities.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhat%20will%20happen%20with%20an%20exception%20to%20this%20case%3F%20The%20community%2C%20the%20defrauded%20creditor%2C%20will%20see%20that%20it%20gets%20paid%20as%20well%20as%20it%20can%20on%20that%20people%20can%20rely.%20The%20issue%20here%20is%20least%20of%20all%20the%20immediate%20damage%20which%20the%20offender%20has%20caused.%20Setting%20this%20to%20one%20side%2C%20the%20lawbreaker%20%3Ci%3E%5BVerbrecher%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20is%20above%20all%20a%20%E2%80%9Cbreaker%E2%80%9D%20%3Ci%3E%5BBrecher%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20a%20breaker%20of%20contracts%20and%20a%20breaker%20of%20his%20word%20against%20the%20totality%2C%20with%20respect%20to%20all%20the%20good%20features%20and%20advantages%20of%20the%20communal%20life%20in%20which%2C%20up%20to%20that%20point%2C%20he%20has%20had%20a%20share.%20The%20lawbreaker%20is%20a%20debtor%20who%20does%20not%20merely%20not%20pay%20back%20the%20benefits%20and%20advances%20given%20to%20him%2C%20but%20who%20even%20attacks%20his%20creditor.%20So%20from%20this%20point%20on%20not%20only%20does%20he%20lose%2C%20as%20is%20reasonable%2C%20all%20these%20good%20things%20and%20benefits%2C%20but%20he%20is%20also%20more%20pertinently%20reminded%20what%20these%20good%20things%20are%20all%20about.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20anger%20of%20the%20injured%20creditor%2C%20the%20community%2C%20gives%20him%20back%20the%20wild%20condition%2C%20as%20free%20as%20a%20bird%2C%20from%20which%20he%20was%20earlier%20protected.%20It%20pushes%20him%20away%20from%20it%2C%20and%20now%20every%20form%20of%20hostility%20can%20vent%20itself%20on%20him.%20At%20this%20stage%20of%20cultural%20behaviour%20%E2%80%9Cpunishment%E2%80%9D%20is%20simply%20the%20copy%2C%20the%20%3Ci%3Emimus%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20of%20the%20normal%20conduct%20towards%20the%20hated%2C%20disarmed%20enemy%20who%20has%20been%20thrown%20down%2C%20who%20has%20forfeited%20not%20only%20all%20legal%20rights%20and%20protection%20but%20also%20all%20mercy%20hence%20it%20is%20a%20case%20of%20the%20rights%20of%20war%20and%20the%20victory%20celebration%20of%20%3Ci%3Evae%20victis%20%5Bwoe%20to%20the%20conquered%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20in%20all%20its%20ruthlessness%20and%20cruelty%2C%20which%20accounts%20for%20the%20fact%20that%20war%20itself%20(including%20the%20warlike%20cult%20of%20sacrifice)%20has%20given%20us%20all%20the%20ways%20in%20which%20punishment%20has%20appeared%20in%20history.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAs%20it%20acquires%20more%20power%2C%20a%20community%20considers%20the%20crimes%20of%20a%20single%20individual%20less%20serious%2C%20because%20they%20no%20longer%20make%20him%20dangerous%20and%20unsettling%20for%20the%20existence%20of%20the%20community%20as%20much%20as%20they%20did%20before.%20The%20wrong%20doer%20is%20no%20longer%20%E2%80%9Cleft%20without%20peace%E2%80%9D%20and%20thrown%20out%2C%20and%20the%20common%20anger%20can%20no%20longer%20vent%20itself%20on%20him%20without%20restraint%20to%20the%20same%20extent%20it%20did%20before.%20It%20is%20rather%20the%20case%20that%20the%20wrong%20doer%20from%20now%20on%20is%20carefully%20protected%20by%20the%20community%20against%20this%20anger%2C%20particularly%20from%20that%20of%20the%20injured%20person%2C%20and%20is%20taken%20into%20protective%20custody.%20The%20compromise%20with%20the%20anger%20of%20those%20most%20immediately%20affected%20by%20the%20wrong%20doing%2C%20and%20thus%20the%20effort%20to%20localize%20the%20case%20and%20to%20avert%20a%20wider%20or%20even%20a%20general%20participation%20and%20unrest%2C%20the%20attempts%20to%20find%20equivalents%20and%20to%20settle%20the%20whole%20business%20(the%20%3Ci%3Ecompositio%3C%2Fi%3E)%2C%20above%20all%20the%20desire%2C%20appearing%20with%20ever-increasing%20clarity%2C%20to%20consider%20every%20crime%20as%2C%20in%20some%20sense%20or%20other%2C%20capable%20of%20being%20paid%20off%2C%20and%20thus%2C%20at%20least%20to%20some%20extent%2C%20to%20separate%20the%20criminal%20and%20his%20crime%20from%20each%20other%20those%20are%20the%20characteristics%20stamped%20more%20and%20more%20clearly%20on%20the%20further%20development%20of%20criminal%20law.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIf%20the%20power%20and%20the%20self-confidence%20of%20a%20community%20keeps%20growing%2C%20the%20criminal%20law%20grows%20constantly%20milder.%20Every%20weakening%20and%20profound%20jeopardizing%20of%20the%20community%20brings%20the%20harsher%20forms%20of%20criminal%20law%20to%20light%20once%20more.%20The%20%E2%80%9Ccreditor%E2%80%9D%20always%20became%20proportionally%20more%20human%20as%20he%20became%20richer.%20Finally%20the%20amount%20of%20his%20wealth%20itself%20establishes%20how%20much%20damage%20he%20can%20sustain%20without%20suffering%20from%20it.%20It%20would%20not%20be%20impossible%20to%20imagine%20a%20society%20with%20a%20consciousness%20of%20its%20own%20power%20which%20allowed%20itself%20the%20most%20privileged%20luxury%20which%20it%20can%20have%20letting%20its%20criminals%20go%20free%20without%20punishment.%20%E2%80%9CWhy%20should%20I%20really%20bother%20about%20my%20parasites%2C%E2%80%9D%20it%20could%20then%20say.%20%E2%80%9CMay%20they%20live%20and%20prosper%20for%20that%20I%20am%20still%20sufficiently%20strong!%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.%20Justice%2C%20which%20started%20by%20stating%20%E2%80%9CEverything%20is%20capable%20of%20being%20paid%20for%2C%20everything%20must%20be%20paid%20off%E2%80%9D%20ends%20at%20that%20point%2C%20by%20covering%20its%20eyes%20and%20letting%20the%20person%20incapable%20of%20payment%20go%20free%20it%20ends%2C%20as%20every%20good%20thing%20on%20earth%20ends%2C%20by%20doing%20away%20with%20itself.%20This%20self-negation%20of%20justice%20we%20know%20what%20a%20beautiful%20name%20it%20calls%20itself%20mercy.%20It%20goes%20without%20saying%20that%20mercy%20remains%20the%20privilege%20of%20the%20most%20powerful%20man%2C%20or%20even%20better%2C%20his%20beyond%20the%20law.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A$} F>r)JD20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENow%20a%20critical%20word%20about%20a%20recently%20published%20attempt%20to%20find%20the%20origin%20of%20justice%20in%20quite%20a%20different%20place%20that%20is%2C%20in%20resentment.%20But%20first%20let%20me%20speak%20a%20word%20in%20the%20ear%20of%20the%20psychologists%2C%20provided%20that%20they%20have%20any%20desire%20to%20study%20resentment%20itself%20up%20close%20for%20once%3A%20this%20plant%20grows%20most%20beautifully%20nowadays%20among%20anarchists%20and%20anti-Semites%20in%20addition%2C%20it%20blooms%2C%20as%20it%20always%20has%2C%20in%20hidden%20places%2C%20like%20the%20violet%2C%20although%20it%20has%20a%20different%20fragrance.%20And%20since%20like%20always%20has%20to%20emerge%20from%20like%2C%20it%20is%20not%20surprising%20to%20see%20attempts%20coming%20forward%20again%20from%20just%20such%20circles%2C%20as%20they%20have%20already%20done%20many%20times%20before%26nbsp%3B%20(see%20above%2C%20p.%2030%20%3Ci%3E%5BFirst%20Essay%5D%3C%2Fi%3E)%2C%20to%20sanctify%20revenge%20under%20the%20name%20of%20justice%2C%20as%20if%20justice%20were%20basically%20simply%20a%20further%20development%20of%20a%20feeling%20of%20being%20injured%2C%20and%20to%20bring%20belated%20respect%20to%20emotional%20reactions%20generally%2C%20all%20of%20them%2C%20using%20the%20idea%20of%20revenge.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWith%20this%20last%20point%20I%20personally%20take%20the%20least%20offence.%20It%20even%20seems%20to%20me%20a%20service%2C%20so%20far%20as%20the%20entire%20biological%20problem%20is%20concerned%20(in%20connection%20with%20which%20the%20worth%20of%20these%20emotions%20has%20been%20underestimated%20up%20to%20now).%20The%20only%20thing%20I%E2%80%99m%20calling%20attention%20to%20is%20the%20fact%20that%20it%20is%20the%20very%20idea%20of%20resentment%20itself%20out%20of%20which%20this%20new%20emphasis%20on%20scientific%20fairness%20grows%20(which%20favours%20hate%2C%20envy%2C%20resentment%2C%20suspicion%2C%20rancour%2C%20and%20revenge).%20This%20%E2%80%9Cscientific%20fairness%2C%E2%80%9D%20that%20is%2C%20ceases%20immediately%20and%20gives%20way%20to%20tones%20of%20mortal%20enmity%20and%20prejudice%20as%20soon%20as%20it%20deals%20with%20another%20group%20of%20emotions%20which%2C%20it%20strikes%20me%2C%20have%20a%20much%20higher%20biological%20worth%20than%20those%20reactive%20ones%20and%20which%20therefore%20have%20earned%20the%20right%20to%20be%20scientifically%20assessed%20and%20given%20a%20high%20value%20namely%2C%20the%20truly%20active%20emotions%2C%20like%20desire%20for%20mastery%2C%20acquisitiveness%2C%20and%20so%20on%20(E.%20D%C3%BChring%2C%20%3Ci%3EThe%20Value%20of%20Life%3A%20A%20Course%20in%20Philosophy%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20the%20whole%20book%20really).%20So%20much%20against%20this%20tendency%20in%20general.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20in%20connection%20with%20D%C3%BChring%E2%80%99s%20single%20principle%20that%20we%20must%20seek%20the%20homeland%20of%20justice%20in%20the%20land%20of%20the%20reactive%20feeling%2C%20we%20must%2C%20for%20love%20of%20the%20truth%2C%20rudely%20turn%20this%20around%20by%20setting%20out%20a%20different%20principle%3A%20the%20last%20territory%20to%20be%20conquered%20by%20the%20spirit%20of%20justice%20is%20the%20land%20of%20the%20reactive%20emotions!%20If%20it%20is%20truly%20the%20case%20that%20the%20just%20man%20remains%20just%20even%20towards%20someone%20who%20has%20injured%20him%20(and%20not%20just%20cold%2C%20moderate%2C%20strange%2C%20indifferent%3A%20being%20just%20is%20always%20a%20positive%20attitude)%2C%20if%20under%20the%20sudden%20attack%20of%20personal%20injury%2C%20ridicule%2C%20and%20suspicion%2C%20the%20gaze%20of%20the%20lofty%2C%20clear%2C%20deep%2C%20and%20benevolent%20objectivity%20of%20the%20just%20and%20judging%20eye%20does%20not%20grow%20dark%2C%20well%2C%20that%E2%80%99s%20a%20piece%20of%20perfection%20and%20the%20highest%20mastery%20on%20earth%2C%20even%20something%20that%20it%20would%20be%20wise%20for%20people%20not%20to%20expect.%26nbsp%3B%20In%20any%20event%20they%20should%20not%20believe%20in%20it%20too%20easily.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIt%E2%80%99s%20certainly%20true%20that%2C%20on%20average%2C%20even%20among%20the%20most%20just%20people%20even%20a%20small%20dose%20of%20hostility%2C%20malice%2C%20and%20insinuation%20is%20enough%20to%20make%20them%20see%20red%20and%20chase%20fairness%20out%20of%20their%20eyes.%20The%20active%2C%20aggressive%2C%20over-reaching%20human%20being%20is%20always%20placed%20a%20hundred%20steps%20closer%20to%20justice%20than%20the%20reactive%20person.%20For%20him%20it%20is%20not%20even%20necessary%20in%20the%20slightest%20to%20estimate%20an%20object%20falsely%20and%20with%20bias%2C%20the%20way%20the%20reactive%20man%20does%20and%20must%20do.%20Thus%2C%20as%20a%20matter%20of%20fact%2C%20at%20all%20times%20the%20aggressive%20human%20being%E2%80%94the%20stronger%2C%20braver%2C%20more%20noble%20man%20has%20always%20had%20on%20his%20side%20a%20better%20conscience%20as%20well%20as%20a%20more%20independent%20eye.%20And%20by%20contrast%2C%20we%20can%20already%20guess%20who%20generally%20has%20the%20invention%20of%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience%E2%80%9D%20on%20his%20conscience%20the%20man%20of%20resentment!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFinally%2C%20let%E2%80%99s%20look%20around%20in%20history%3A%20up%20to%20now%20in%20what%20area%20has%20the%20whole%20implementation%20of%20law%20in%20general%20as%20well%20as%20the%20essential%20need%20for%20law%20been%20at%20home%3F%20Could%20it%20be%20in%20the%20area%20of%20the%20reactive%20human%20beings%3F%20That%20is%20entirely%20wrong.%20It%20is%20much%20more%20the%20case%20that%20it%E2%80%99s%20been%20at%20home%20with%20the%20active%2C%20strong%2C%20spontaneous%2C%20and%20aggressive%20men.%20Historically%20considered%2C%20the%20law%20on%20earth%20let%20me%20say%20this%20to%20the%20annoyance%20of%20the%20above-mentioned%20agitator%20(who%20himself%20once%20made%20the%20confession%20%E2%80%9CThe%20doctrine%20of%20revenge%20runs%20through%20all%20my%20work%20and%20efforts%20as%20the%20red%20thread%20of%20justice%E2%80%9D)%20represents%20that%20very%20struggle%20against%20the%20reactive%20feelings%2C%20the%20war%20with%20them%20on%20the%20part%20of%20active%20and%20aggressive%20powers%2C%20which%20have%20partly%20used%20up%20their%20strength%20to%20put%20a%20halt%20to%20or%20restrain%20reactive%20pathos%20and%20to%20compel%20some%20settlement%20with%20it.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EEverywhere%20where%20justice%20is%20practised%2C%20where%20justice%20is%20upheld%2C%20we%20see%20a%20power%20stronger%20in%20relation%20to%20a%20weaker%20power%20standing%20beneath%20it%20(whether%20with%20groups%20or%20individuals)%2C%20seeking%20ways%20to%20bring%20an%20end%20among%20the%20latter%20to%20the%20senseless%20rage%20of%20resentment%2C%20partly%20by%20dragging%20the%20object%20of%20resentment%20out%20of%20the%20hands%20of%20revenge%2C%20partly%20by%20setting%20in%20the%20place%20of%20revenge%20a%20battle%20against%20the%20enemies%20of%20peace%20and%20order%2C%20partly%20by%20coming%20up%20with%20compensation%2C%20proposing%20it%2C%20under%20certain%20circumstances%20making%20it%20compulsory%2C%20sometimes%20establishing%20certain%20equivalents%20for%20injuries%20as%20a%20norm%2C%20which%20from%20now%20on%20resentment%20is%20channeled%20into%20once%20and%20for%20all.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20most%20decisive%20factor%2C%20however%2C%20which%20the%20highest%20power%20carries%20out%20and%20sets%20in%20place%20against%20the%20superior%20power%20of%20the%20feelings%20of%20hostility%20and%20animosity%20something%20that%20power%20always%20does%20as%20soon%20as%20it%20is%20somehow%20strong%20enough%20to%20do%20it%20is%20to%20set%20up%20laws%2C%20the%20imperative%20explanation%20of%20those%20things%20which%2C%20in%20its%20own%20eyes%2C%20are%20considered%20allowed%20and%20legal%20and%20things%20which%20are%20considered%20forbidden%20and%20illegal.%20In%20the%20process%2C%20after%20the%20establishment%20of%20the%20law%2C%20the%20authorities%20treat%20attacks%20and%20arbitrary%20acts%20of%20individuals%20or%20entire%20groups%20as%20an%20outrage%20against%20the%20law%2C%20as%20rebellion%20against%20the%20highest%20power%20itself%2C%20and%20they%20steer%20the%20feelings%20of%20those%20beneath%20them%20away%20from%20the%20immediate%20damage%20caused%20by%20such%20outrages%20and%20thus%2C%20in%20the%20long%20run%2C%20achieve%20the%20reverse%20of%20what%20all%20revenge%20desires%2C%20which%20sees%20only%20the%20viewpoint%20of%20the%20injured%20party%20and%20considers%20only%20that%20valid.%20From%20now%20on%2C%20the%20eye%20becomes%20trained%20to%20evaluate%20actions%20always%20impersonally%2C%20even%20the%20eye%20of%20the%20harmed%20party%20itself%20(although%20this%20would%20be%20the%20very%20last%20thing%20to%20occur%2C%20as%20I%20have%20remarked%20earlier).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EConsequently%2C%20only%20with%20the%20setting%20up%20of%20the%20law%20is%20there%20a%20%E2%80%9Cjust%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cunjust%E2%80%9D%20(and%20not%2C%20as%20D%C3%BChring%20will%20have%20it%2C%20from%20the%20time%20of%20the%20injurious%20action).%20To%20talk%20of%20just%20and%20unjust%20in%20themselves%20has%20no%20sense%20whatsoever%20it%E2%80%99s%20obvious%20that%20in%20themselves%20harming%2C%20oppressing%2C%20exploiting%2C%20destroying%20cannot%20be%20%E2%80%9Cunjust%2C%E2%80%9D%20inasmuch%20as%20life%20essentially%20works%20that%20way%2C%20that%20is%2C%20in%20its%20basic%20functions%20it%20harms%2C%20oppresses%2C%20exploits%2C%20and%20destroys%20and%20cannot%20be%20conceived%20at%20all%20without%20these%20characteristics.%20We%20must%20acknowledge%20something%20even%20more%20alarming%20the%20fact%20that%20from%20the%20highest%20biological%20standpoint%2C%20conditions%20of%20law%20must%20always%20be%20exceptional%20conditions%2C%20partial%20restrictions%20on%20the%20basic%20will%20to%20live%2C%20which%20is%20set%20on%20power%20they%20are%20subordinate%20to%20the%20total%20purpose%20of%20this%20will%20as%20its%20individual%20means%2C%20that%20is%2C%20as%20means%20to%20create%20a%20larger%20unit%20of%20power.%20A%20legal%20system%20conceived%20of%20as%20sovereign%20and%20universal%2C%20not%20as%20a%20means%20in%20the%20struggle%20of%20power%20complexes%2C%20but%20as%20a%20means%20against%20all%20struggles%20in%20general%2C%20something%20along%20the%20lines%20of%20D%C3%BChring%E2%80%99s%20communist%20clich%C3%A9%20in%20which%20each%20will%20must%20be%20considered%20as%20equal%20to%20every%20will%2C%20that%20would%20be%20a%20principle%20hostile%20to%20life%2C%20a%20destroyer%20and%20dissolver%20of%20human%20beings%2C%20an%20assassination%20attempt%20on%20the%20future%20of%20human%20beings%2C%20a%20sign%20of%20exhaustion%2C%20a%20secret%20path%20to%20nothingness.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHere%20one%20more%20word%20concerning%20the%20origin%20and%20purpose%20of%20punishment%20two%20problems%20which%20are%20separate%20or%20should%20be%20separate.%20Unfortunately%20people%20normally%20throw%20them%20together%20into%20one.%20How%20do%20the%20previous%20genealogists%20of%20morality%20deal%20with%20this%20issue%3F%20Naively%20the%20way%20they%20always%20work.%20They%20find%20some%20%E2%80%9Cpurpose%E2%80%9D%20or%20other%20for%20punishment%2C%20for%20example%2C%20revenge%20or%20deterrence%2C%20then%20in%20a%20simple%20way%20set%20this%20purpose%20at%20the%20beginning%20as%20the%20%3Ci%3Ecausa%20fiendi%20%5Bcreative%20cause%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20of%20punishment%20and%20then%20that%E2%80%99s%20it%20they%E2%80%99re%20finished.%20The%20%E2%80%9Cpurpose%20in%20law%2C%E2%80%9D%20however%2C%20is%20the%20very%20last%20idea%20we%20should%20use%20in%20the%20history%20of%20the%20emergence%20of%20law.%20It%20is%20much%20rather%20the%20case%20that%20for%20all%20forms%20of%20history%20there%20is%20no%20more%20important%20principle%20than%20the%20one%20which%20we%20reach%20with%20such%20difficulty%20but%20which%20we%20also%20really%20should%20reach%2C%20namely%20that%20what%20causes%20a%20particular%20thing%20to%20arise%20and%20the%20final%20utility%20of%20that%20thing%2C%20its%20actual%20use%20and%20arrangement%20in%20a%20system%20of%20purposes%2C%20are%20separate%20%3Ci%3Etoto%20coelo%20%5Bby%20all%20the%20heavens%2C%20i.e.%2C%20absolutely%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20that%20something%20existing%2C%20which%20has%20somehow%20come%20to%20its%20present%20state%2C%20will%20again%20and%20again%20be%20interpreted%20by%20the%20higher%20powers%20over%20it%20from%20a%20new%20perspective%2C%20appropriated%20in%20a%20new%20way%2C%20reorganized%20for%20and%20redirected%20to%20new%20uses%2C%20that%20all%20events%20in%20the%20organic%20world%20involve%20overpowering%2C%20acquiring%20mastery%20and%20that%2C%20in%20turn%2C%20all%20overpowering%20and%20acquiring%20mastery%20involve%20a%20re-interpretation%2C%20a%20readjustment%2C%20in%20which%20the%20%E2%80%9Csense%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cpurpose%E2%80%9D%20up%20to%20then%20must%20necessarily%20be%20obscured%20or%20entirely%20erased.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENo%20matter%20how%20well%20we%20have%20understood%20the%20usefulness%20of%20some%20physiological%20organ%20or%20other%20(or%20a%20legal%20institution%2C%20a%20social%20custom%2C%20a%20political%20practice%2C%20some%20style%20in%20art%20or%20in%20religious%20cults)%2C%20we%20have%20not%2C%20in%20that%20process%2C%20grasped%20anything%20about%20its%20origin%20no%20matter%20how%20uncomfortable%20and%20unpleasant%20this%20may%20sound%20in%20elderly%20ears.%20From%20time%20immemorial%20people%20have%20believed%20that%20in%20demonstrable%20purposes%2C%20the%20usefulness%20of%20a%20thing%2C%20a%20form%2C%20or%20an%20institution%2C%20they%20could%20understand%20the%20reasons%20it%20came%20into%20existence%20the%20eye%20as%20something%20made%20to%20see%2C%20the%20hand%20as%20something%20made%20to%20grasp.%20So%20people%20also%20imagined%20punishment%20as%20invented%20to%20punish.%20But%20all%20purposes%2C%20all%20uses%2C%20are%20only%20signs%20that%20a%20will%20to%20power%20has%20become%20master%20over%20something%20with%20less%20power%20and%20has%20stamped%20on%20it%20its%20own%20meaning%20of%20some%20function%2C%20and%20the%20entire%20history%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Cthing%2C%E2%80%9D%20an%20organ%2C%20a%20practice%20can%20by%20this%20process%20be%20seen%20as%20a%20continuing%20chain%20of%20signs%20of%20constantly%20new%20interpretations%20and%20adjustments%2C%20whose%20causes%20need%20not%20be%20connected%20to%20each%20other%20they%20rather%20follow%20and%20take%20over%20from%20each%20other%20under%20merely%20contingent%20circumstances.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EConsequently%2C%20the%20%E2%80%9Cdevelopment%E2%80%9D%20of%20a%20thing%2C%20a%20practice%2C%20or%20an%20organ%20has%20nothing%20to%20do%20with%20its%20progress%20towards%20a%20single%20goal%2C%20even%20less%20is%20it%20the%20logical%20and%20shortest%20progress%20reached%20with%20the%20least%20expenditure%20of%20power%20and%20resources%2C%20but%20rather%20the%20sequence%20of%20more%20or%20less%20profound%2C%20more%20or%20less%20mutually%20independent%20processes%20of%20overpowering%20which%20take%20place%20on%20that%20thing%2C%20together%20with%20the%20resistance%20which%20arises%20against%20that%20overpowering%20each%20time%2C%20the%20transformations%20of%20form%20which%20have%20been%20attempted%20for%20the%20purpose%20of%20defence%20and%20reaction%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20results%20of%20successful%20countermeasures.%20Form%20is%20fluid%20the%20%E2%80%9Cmeaning%2C%E2%80%9D%20however%2C%20is%20even%20more%20so%20.%20.%20.%20Even%20within%20each%20individual%20organism%20things%20are%20no%20different%3A%20with%20every%20essential%20growth%20in%20the%20totality%2C%20the%20%E2%80%9Cmeaning%E2%80%9D%20of%20an%20individual%20organ%20also%20shifts%20in%20certain%20circumstances%20its%20partial%20destruction%2C%20a%20reduction%20of%20its%20numbers%20(for%20example%2C%20through%20the%20destruction%20of%20intermediate%20structures)%20can%20be%20a%20sign%20of%20growing%20power%20and%20perfection.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%20me%20say%20this%3A%20the%20partial%20loss%20of%20utility%2C%20decline%2C%20and%20degeneration%2C%20the%20loss%20of%20meaning%2C%20and%20purposelessness%2C%20in%20short%2C%20death%2C%20also%20belong%20to%20the%20conditions%20of%20a%20real%20progress%2C%20which%20always%20appears%20in%20the%20form%20of%20a%20will%20and%20a%20way%21o^0Xjj d%2= aer%20constantly%20establishing%20itself%20at%20the%20expense%20of%20a%20huge%20number%20of%20smaller%20powers.%20The%20size%20of%20a%20%E2%80%9Cstep%20forward%E2%80%9D%20can%20even%20be%20estimated%20by%20a%20measure%20of%20everything%20that%20had%20to%20be%20sacrificed%20to%20it.%20The%20mass%20of%20humanity%20sacrificed%20for%20the%20benefit%20of%20a%20single%20stronger%20species%20of%20man%20that%20would%20be%20a%20step%20forward%20.%20.%20.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%20emphasize%20this%20major%20point%20of%20view%20about%20historical%20methodology%20all%20the%20more%20since%20it%20basically%20runs%20counter%20to%20the%20present%20ruling%20instinct%20and%20contemporary%20taste%2C%20which%20would%20rather%20go%20along%20with%20the%20absolute%20contingency%2C%20even%20the%20mechanical%20meaninglessness%2C%20of%20all%20events%20rather%20than%20with%20the%20theory%20of%20a%20will%20to%20power%20playing%20itself%20out%20in%20everything%20that%20happens.%20The%20democratic%20idiosyncrasy%20of%20being%20hostile%20to%20everything%20which%20rules%20and%20wants%20to%20rule%2C%20the%20modern%20ruler-hatred%20%3Ci%3E%5BMisarchismus%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20(to%20make%20up%20a%20bad%20word%20for%20a%20bad%20thing)%2C%20has%20gradually%20transformed%20itself%20and%20dressed%20itself%20up%20in%20intellectual%20activity%2C%20the%20most%20intellectual%20activity%2C%20to%20such%20an%20extent%20that%20nowadays%20step%20by%20step%20it%20infiltrates%20the%20strictest%2C%20apparently%20most%20objective%20scientific%20research%2C%20and%20is%20allowed%20to%20infiltrate%20it.%20Indeed%2C%20it%20seems%20to%20me%20already%20to%20have%20attained%20mastery%20over%20all%20of%20physiology%20and%20the%20understanding%20of%20life%2C%20to%20their%20detriment%2C%20as%20is%20obvious%2C%20because%20it%20has%20conjured%20away%20from%20them%20their%20fundamental%20concept%20that%20of%20real%20activity.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBy%20contrast%2C%20under%20the%20pressure%20of%20this%20idiosyncrasy%20we%20push%20%E2%80%9Cadaptation%E2%80%9D%20into%20the%20foreground%2C%20that%20is%2C%20a%20second-order%20activity%2C%20a%20mere%20re-activity%20in%20fact%2C%20people%20have%20defined%20life%20itself%20as%20an%20always%20purposeful%20inner%20adaptation%20to%20external%20circumstances%20(Herbert%20Spencer).%20But%20that%20simply%20misjudges%20the%20essence%20of%20life%2C%20its%20will%20to%20power.%20That%20overlooks%20the%20first%20priority%20of%20the%20spontaneous%2C%20aggressive%2C%20over-reaching%2C%20re-interpreting%2C%20re-directing%2C%20and%20shaping%20powers%2C%20after%20whose%20effects%20the%20%E2%80%9Cadaptation%E2%80%9D%20first%20follows.%20Thus%2C%20the%20governing%20role%20of%20the%20highest%20functions%20in%20an%20organism%2C%20ones%20in%20which%20the%20will%20for%20living%20appear%20active%20and%20creative%2C%20are%20denied.%20People%20should%20remember%20the%20criticism%20Huxley%20directed%20at%20Spencer%20for%20his%20%E2%80%9Cadministrative%20nihilism.%E2%80%9D%20But%20the%20issue%20here%20concerns%20much%20more%20than%20%E2%80%9Cadministration%E2%80%9D...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margyn! ' {m# B%0Ext-align%0$0 qXo9%qB%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EReturning%20to%20the%20business%20at%20hand%2C%20that%20is%2C%20to%20punishment%2C%20we%20have%20to%20differentiate%20between%20two%20aspects%20of%20it%3A%20first%20its%20relative%20duration%2C%20the%20way%20it%20is%20carried%20out%2C%20the%20action%2C%20the%20%E2%80%9Cdrama%2C%E2%80%9D%20a%20certain%20strict%20sequence%20of%20procedures%20and%2C%20on%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20its%20fluidity%2C%20the%20meaning%2C%20the%20purpose%2C%20the%20expectation%20linked%20to%20the%20implementation%20of%20such%20procedures.%20In%20this%20matter%2C%20we%20can%20here%20assume%2C%20without%20further%20comment%2C%20%3Ci%3Eper%20analogium%20%5Bby%20analogy%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20in%20accordance%20with%20the%20major%20viewpoints%20about%20the%20historical%20method%20we%20have%20just%20established%2C%20that%20the%20procedure%20itself%20will%20be%20somewhat%20older%20and%20earlier%20than%20its%20use%20as%20a%20punishment%2C%20that%20the%20latter%20was%20only%20injected%20and%20interpreted%20into%20the%20procedure%20(which%20had%20been%20present%20for%20a%20long%20time%20but%20was%20a%20tradition%20with%20a%20different%20meaning)%2C%20in%20short%2C%20that%20it%20was%20not%20what%20our%20na%C3%AFve%20genealogists%20of%20morality%20and%20law%20up%20to%20now%20assumed%2C%20who%20collectively%20imagined%20that%20the%20procedure%20was%20invented%20for%20the%20purpose%20of%20punishment%2C%20just%20as%20people%20earlier%20thought%20that%20the%20hand%20was%20invented%20for%20the%20purpose%20of%20grasping.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ENow%2C%20so%20far%20as%20that%20other%20element%20in%20punishment%20is%20concerned%2C%20the%20fluid%20element%2C%20its%20%E2%80%9Cmeaning%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20a%20very%20late%20cultural%20state%20(for%20example%20in%20contemporary%20Europe)%20the%20idea%20of%20%E2%80%9Cpunishment%E2%80%9D%20actually%20presents%20not%20simply%20one%20meaning%20but%20a%20whole%20synthesis%20of%20%E2%80%9Cmeanings.%E2%80%9D%20The%20history%20of%20punishment%20up%20to%20now%2C%20in%20general%2C%20the%20history%20of%20its%20use%20for%20different%20purposes%2C%20finally%20crystallizes%20into%20a%20sort%20of%20unity%2C%20which%20is%20difficult%20to%20untangle%2C%20difficult%20to%20analyze%2C%20and%2C%20it%20must%20be%20stressed%2C%20totally%20incapable%20of%20definition.%20(Today%20it%20is%20impossible%20to%20say%20clearly%20why%20we%20really%20have%20punishment%20all%20ideas%20in%20which%20an%20entire%20process%20is%20semiotically%20summarized%20elude%20definition%20only%20something%20which%20has%20no%20history%20is%20capable%20of%20being%20defined).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20an%20earlier%20stage%2C%20by%20contrast%2C%20that%20synthesis%20of%20%E2%80%9Cmeanings%E2%80%9D%20appears%20much%20easier%20to%20untangle%2C%20as%20well%20as%20easier%20to%20adjust.%20We%20can%20still%20see%20how%20in%20every%20individual%20case%20the%20elements%20in%20the%20synthesis%20alter%20their%20valence%20and%20rearrange%20themselves%20to%20such%20an%20extent%20that%20soon%20this%20or%20that%20element%20steps%20forward%20and%20dominates%20at%20the%20expense%20of%20the%20rest%20indeed%2C%20under%20certain%20circumstances%20one%20element%20(say%2C%20the%20purpose%20of%20deterrence)%20appears%20to%20rise%20above%20all%20the%20other%20elements.%20In%20order%20to%20give%20at%20least%20an%20idea%20of%20how%20uncertain%2C%20how%20belated%2C%20how%20accidental%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20meaning%E2%80%9D%20of%20punishment%20is%20and%20how%20one%20and%20the%20same%20procedure%20can%20be%20used%2C%20interpreted%2C%20or%20adjusted%20for%20fundamentally%20different%20purposes%2C%20let%20me%20offer%20here%20an%20example%20which%20presented%20itself%20to%20me%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20relatively%20little%20random%20material%3A%20punishment%20as%20a%20way%20of%20rendering%20someone%20harmless%2C%20as%20a%20prevention%20from%20further%20harm%3B%20punishment%20as%20compensation%20for%20the%20damage%20to%20the%20person%20injured%2C%20in%20some%20form%20or%20other%20(also%20in%20the%20form%20of%20emotional%20compensation)%3B%20punishment%20as%20isolation%20of%20some%20upset%20to%20an%20even%20balance%20in%20order%20to%20avert%20a%20wider%20outbreak%20of%20the%20disturbance%3B%20punishment%20as%20way%20of%20bringing%20fear%20to%20those%20who%20determine%20and%20carry%20out%20punishment%3B%20punishment%20as%20a%20sort%20of%20compensation%20for%20the%20advantages%20which%20the%20law%20breaker%20has%20enjoyed%20up%20until%20that%20time%20(for%20example%2C%20when%20he%20is%20made%20useful%20as%20a%20slave%20working%20the%20mines)%3B%20punishment%20as%20a%20cutting%20out%20of%20a%20degenerate%20element%20(in%20some%20circumstances%20an%20entire%20branch%2C%20as%20in%20Chinese%20law%2C%20and%20thus%20a%20means%20to%20keep%20the%20race%20pure%20or%20to%20sustain%20a%20social%20type)%3B%20punishment%20as%20festival%2C%20that%20is%2C%20as%20the%20violation%20and%20humiliation%20of%20some%20enemy%20one%20has%20finally%20thrown%20down%3B%20punishment%20as%20a%20way%20of%20making%20a%20conscience%2C%20whether%20for%20the%20man%20who%20suffers%20the%20punishment%20so-called%20%E2%80%9Creform%E2%80%9D%20or%20whether%20for%20those%20who%20witness%20the%20punishment%20being%20carried%20out%3B%20punishment%20as%20the%20payment%20of%20an%20honorarium%2C%20set%20as%20a%20condition%20by%20those%20in%20power%2C%20which%20protects%20the%20wrong%20doer%20from%20the%20excesses%20of%20revenge%3B%20punishment%20as%20a%20compromise%20with%20the%20natural%20condition%20of%20revenge%2C%20insofar%20as%20the%20latter%20is%20still%20upheld%20and%20assumed%20as%20a%20privilege%20by%20powerful%20families%3B%20punishment%20as%20a%20declaration%20of%20war%20and%20a%20war%20measure%20against%20an%20enemy%20to%20peace%2C%20law%2C%20order%2C%20and%20authority%2C%20which%20people%20fight%20with%20the%20very%20measures%20war%20makes%20available%2C%20as%20something%20dangerous%20to%20the%20community%2C%20like%20a%20contract%20breaker%20with%20respect%20to%20its%20conditions%2C%20like%20a%20rebel%2C%20traitor%2C%20and%20breaker%20of%20the%20peace.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOf%20course%2C%20this%20list%20is%20not%20complete.%20Obviously%20punishment%20is%20overloaded%20with%20all%20sorts%20of%20useful%20purposes%20all%20the%20more%20reason%20why%20people%20infer%20from%20it%20an%20alleged%20utility%2C%20which%20in%20the%20popular%20consciousness%20at%20least%20is%20considered%20the%20most%20essential%20one.%20Faith%20in%20punishment%2C%20which%20nowadays%20for%20several%20reasons%20is%20getting%20very%20shaky%2C%20always%20finds%20its%20most%20powerful%20support%20in%20precisely%20this%3A%20Punishment%20is%20supposed%20to%20be%20valuable%20in%20waking%20a%20feeling%20of%20guilt%20in%20the%20guilty%20party.%20In%20punishment%20people%20are%20looking%20for%20the%20actual%20instrument%20for%20that%20psychic%20reaction%20called%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cpangs%20of%20conscience.%E2%80%9D%20In%20doing%20this%2C%20people%20still%20apply%20reality%20and%20psychology%20incorrectly%20to%20present%20issues%20and%20how%20much%20more%20incorrectly%20to%20the%20greater%20part%20of%20man%E2%80%99s%20history%2C%20his%20prehistory!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EReal%20pangs%20of%20conscience%20are%20something%20extremely%20rare%2C%20especially%20among%20criminals%20and%20prisoners.%20Prisons%20and%20penitentiaries%20are%20not%20breeding%20grounds%20in%20which%20this%20species%20of%20gnawing%20worm%20particularly%20likes%20to%20thrive%20on%20that%20point%20all%20conscientious%20observers%20agree%2C%20in%20many%20cases%20delivering%20such%20a%20judgment%20with%20sufficient%20unwillingness%2C%20going%20against%20their%20own%20desires.%20In%20general%2C%20punishment%20makes%20people%20hard%20and%20cold.%20It%20concentrates.%20It%20sharpens%20the%20feeling%20of%20estrangement%20and%20strengthens%20powers%20of%20resistance.%20If%20it%20comes%20about%20that%20punishment%20shatters%20a%20man%E2%80%99s%20energy%20and%20brings%20on%20a%20wretched%20prostration%20and%20self-abasement%2C%20such%20a%20consequence%20is%20surely%20even%20less%20pleasant%20than%20the%20ordinary%20results%20of%20punishment%20characteristically%20a%20dry%20and%20gloomy%20seriousness.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHowever%2C%20if%20we%20consider%20the%20millennia%20before%20the%20history%20of%20humanity%2C%20without%20a%20second%20thought%20we%20can%20conclude%20that%20the%20very%20development%20of%20a%20feeling%20of%20guilt%20was%20most%20powerfully%20hindered%20by%20punishment%2C%20at%20least%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20victims%20onto%20whom%20this%20force%20of%20punishment%20was%20vented.%20For%20let%20us%20not%20underestimate%20just%20how%20much%20the%20criminal%20is%20prevented%20by%20the%20sight%20of%20judicial%20and%20executive%20processes%20from%20sensing%20the%20nature%20of%20his%20action%20as%20something%20inherently%20reprehensible%2C%20for%20he%20sees%20exactly%20the%20same%20kind%20of%20actions%20undertaken%20in%20the%20service%20of%20justice%2C%20applauded%20and%20practised%20in%20good%20conscience%2C%20like%20espionage%2C%20lying%2C%20bribery%2C%20entrapment%2C%20the%20whole%20tricky%20and%20sly%20art%20of%20the%20police%20and%20prosecution%2C%20as%20it%20develops%20in%20the%20various%20kinds%20of%20punishment%20the%20robbery%2C%20oppression%2C%20abuse%2C%20imprisonment%2C%20torture%2C%20murder%20(all%20done%20as%20a%20matter%20of%20principle%2C%20without%20any%20emotional%20involvement%20as%20an%20excuse).%20All%20these%20actions%20are%20in%20no%20way%20rejected%20or%20condemned%20in%20themselves%20by%20his%20judges%2C%20but%20only%20in%20particular%20respects%20when%20used%20for%20certain%20purposes.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CBad%20conscience%2C%E2%80%9D%20this%20most%20creepy%20and%20interesting%20plant%20among%20our%20earthly%20vegetation%2C%20did%20not%20grow%20in%20this%20soil.%20In%20fact%2C%20for%20the%20longest%20period%20in%20the%20past%20no%20notion%20of%20dealing%20with%20a%20%E2%80%9Cguilty%20party%E2%80%9D%20penetrated%20the%20consciousness%20of%20judges%20or%20even%20those%20doing%20the%20punishing..%20They%20were%20dealing%20with%20someone%20who%20had%20caused%20harm%2C%20with%20an%20irresponsible%20piece%20of%20fate.%20And%20even%20the%20man%20on%20whom%20punishment%20later%20fell%2C%20once%20again%20like%20a%20piece%20of%20fate%2C%20experienced%20in%20that%20no%20%E2%80%9Cinner%20pain%2C%E2%80%9D%20other%20than%20what%20came%20from%20the%20sudden%20arrival%20of%20something%20unpredictable%2C%20a%20terrible%20natural%20event%2C%20a%20falling%2C%20crushing%20boulder%20against%20which%20there%20is%20no%20way%20to%20fight.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20one%20point%20Spinoza%20became%20aware%20of%20this%20point%20in%20an%20incriminating%20way%20(something%20which%20irritates%20his%20interpreters%2C%20like%20Kuno%20Fischer%2C%20who%20really%20go%20to%20great%20lengths%20to%20misunderstand%20him%20on%20this%20issue)%2C%20when%20one%20afternoon%2C%20he%20came%20up%20against%20some%20memory%20or%20other%20(who%20knows%20what%3F)%20and%20pondered%20the%20question%20about%20what%2C%20as%20far%20as%20he%20was%20concerned%2C%20was%20left%20of%20the%20celebrated%20%3Ci%3Emorsus%20conscientiae%20%5Bthe%20bite%20of%20conscience%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20for%20he%20had%20expelled%20good%20and%20evil%20into%20the%20human%20imagination%20and%20had%20irascibly%20defended%20the%20honour%20of%20his%20%E2%80%9Cfree%E2%80%9D%20God%20against%20those%20blasphemers%20who%20claimed%20that%20in%20everything%20God%20worked%20%3Ci%3Esub%20ratione%20boni%20%5Bwith%20good%20reason%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20(%E2%80%9Cbut%20that%20means%20that%20God%20would%20be%20subordinate%20to%20Fate%2C%20a%20claim%20which%2C%20if%20true%2C%20would%20be%20the%20greatest%20of%20all%20contradictions%E2%80%9D).%20For%20Spinoza%20the%20world%20had%20gone%20back%20again%20into%20that%20state%20of%20innocence%20in%20which%20it%20existed%20before%20the%20fabrication%20of%20the%20idea%20of%20a%20bad%20conscience.%20So%20what%2C%20then%2C%20had%20happened%20to%20the%20%3Ci%3Emorsus%20conscientiae%3C%2Fi%3E%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CThe%20opposite%20of%20%3Ci%3Egaudium%20%5Bjoy%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%E2%80%9D%20Spinoza%20finally%20told%20himself%20%E2%80%9Cis%20sorrow%2C%20accompanied%20by%20the%20image%20of%20something%20over%20and%20done%20with%20which%20happened%20contrary%20to%20all%20expectation%E2%80%9D%20(%3Ci%3EEthics%3C%2Fi%3E%20III%2C%20Proposition%20XVIII%2C%20Schol.%20I.%20II).%20Just%20like%20Spinoza%2C%20those%20instigating%20evil%20who%20incurred%20punishment%20have%20for%20thousands%20of%20years%20felt%20in%20connection%20with%20their%20crime%20%E2%80%9CSomething%20has%20unexpectedly%20gone%20awry%20here%2C%E2%80%9D%20not%20%E2%80%9CI%20should%20not%20have%20done%20that.%E2%80%9D%20They%20submitted%20to%20their%20punishment%20as%20people%20submit%20to%20a%20sickness%20or%20some%20bad%20luck%20or%20death%2C%20with%20that%20brave%20fatalism%20free%20of%20revolt%20which%2C%20for%20example%2C%20even%20today%20gives%20the%20Russians%20an%20advantage%20over%20us%20westerners%20in%20coping%20with%20life.%20If%20back%20then%20there%20was%20some%20criticism%20of%20the%20act%2C%20such%20criticism%20came%20from%20prudence%3A%20without%20question%20we%20must%20seek%20the%20essential%20effect%20of%20punishment%20above%20all%20in%20an%20increase%20of%20prudence%2C%20in%20a%20extension%20of%20memory%2C%20in%20a%20will%20to%20go%20to%20work%20from%20now%20on%20more%20carefully%2C%20mistrustfully%2C%20and%20secretly%2C%20with%20the%20awareness%20that%20we%20are%20in%20many%20things%20definitely%20too%20weak%2C%20in%20a%20kind%20of%20improved%20ability%20to%20judge%20ourselves.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20general%2C%20what%20can%20be%20achieved%20through%20punishment%2C%20in%20human%20beings%20and%20animals%2C%20is%20an%20increase%20in%20fear%2C%20a%20honing%20of%20prudence%2C%20control%20over%20desires.%20In%20the%20process%2C%20punishment%20tames%20human%20beings%2C%20but%20it%20does%20not%20make%20them%20%E2%80%9Cbetter.%E2%80%9D%20People%20might%20be%20more%20justified%20in%20asserting%20the%20opposite%20(Popular%20wisdom%20says%20%E2%80%9CInjury%20makes%20people%20prudent%2C%E2%80%9D%20but%20to%20the%20extent%20that%20it%20makes%20them%20prudent%2C%20it%20also%20makes%20them%20bad.%20Fortunately%2C%20often%20enough%20it%20makes%20people%20stupid.)%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXVI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20this%20point%2C%20I%20can%20no%20longer%20avoid%20setting%20out%2C%20in%20an%20initial%2C%20provisional%20statement%2C%20my%20own%20hypothesis%20about%20the%20origin%20of%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience.%E2%80%9D%20It%20is%20not%20easy%20to%20get%20people%20to%20attend%20to%20it%2C%20and%20it%20requires%20them%20to%20consider%20it%20at%20length%2C%20to%20guard%20it%2C%20and%20to%20sleep%20on%20it.%20I%20consider%20bad%20conscience%20the%20profound%20illness%20which%20human%20beings%20had%20to%20come%20down%20with%2C%20under%20the%20pressure%20of%20the%20most%20fundamental%20of%20all%20the%20changes%20which%20they%20experienced%20that%20change%20when%20they%20finally%20found%20themselves%20locked%20within%20the%20confines%20of%20society%20and%20peace.%20Just%20like%20the%20things%20water%20animals%20must%20have%20gone%20though%20when%20they%20were%20forced%20either%20to%20become%20land%20animals%20or%20to%20die%20off%2C%20so%20events%20must%20have%20played%20themselves%20out%20with%20this%20half-beast%20so%20happily%20adapted%20to%20the%20wilderness%2C%20war%2C%20wandering%20around%2C%20adventure%20suddenly%20all%20its%20instincts%20were%20devalued%20and%20%E2%80%9Cdisengaged.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFrom%20this%20point%20on%2C%20these%20animals%20were%20to%20go%20on%20foot%20and%20%E2%80%9Ccarry%20themselves%E2%80%9D%3B%20whereas%20previously%20they%20had%20been%20supported%20by%20the%20water.%20A%20terrible%20heaviness%20weighed%20them%20down.%20In%20performing%20the%20simplest%20things%20they%20felt%20ungainly.%20In%20dealing%20with%20this%20new%20unknown%20world%2C%20they%20no%20longer%20had%20their%20old%20leader%2C%20the%20ruling%20unconscious%20drives%20which%20guided%20them%20safely.%20These%20unfortunate%20creatures%20were%20reduced%20to%20thinking%2C%20inferring%2C%20calculating%2C%20bringing%20together%20cause%20and%20effect%2C%20reduced%20to%20their%20%E2%80%9Cconsciousness%2C%E2%80%9D%20their%20most%20impoverished%20and%20error-prone%20organ!%20I%20believe%20that%20on%20earth%20there%20has%20never%20been%20such%20a%20feeling%20of%20misery%2C%20such%20a%20leaden%20discomfort%20while%20at%20the%20same%20time%20those%20old%20instincts%20had%20not%20all%20at%20once%20stopped%20imposing%20their%20demands!%20Only%20it%20was%20difficult%20and%20seldom%20possible%20to%20do%20their%20bidding.%20For%20the%20most%20part%2C%20they%20had%20to%20find%20new%20and%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%20underground%20satisfactions%20for%20them.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAll%20instincts%20which%20are%20not%20discharged%20to%20the%20outside%20are%20turned%20back%20inside.%20This%20is%20what%20I%20call%20the%20internalization%20of%20man.%20From%20this%20first%20grows%20in%20man%20what%20people%20later%20call%20his%20%E2%80%9Csoul.%E2%80%9D%20The%20entire%20inner%20world%2C%20originally%20as%20thin%20as%20if%20stretched%20between%20two%20layers%20of%20skin%2C%20expanded%20and%20extended%20itself%2C%20acquired%20depth%2C%20width%2C%20and%20height%2C%20to%20the%20extent%20that%20the%20discharge%20of%20human%20instinct%20out%20into%20the%20world%20was%20obstructed.%20Those%20frightening%20fortifications%20with%20which%20the%20organization%20of%20the%20state%20protected%20itself%20against%20the%20old%20instincts%20for%20freedom%20punishment%20belongs%20above%20all%20to%20these%20fortifications%20made%20all%20those%20instincts%20of%20the%20wild%2C%20free%2C%20roaming%20man%20turn%20backwards%2C%20against%20man%20himself.%20Enmity%2C%20cruelty%2C%20joy%20in%20pursuit%2C%20in%20attack%2C%20in%20change%2C%20in%20destruction%20all%20those%20turned%20themselves%20against%20the%20possessors%20of%20such%20instincts.%20That%20is%20the%20origin%20of%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20man%20who%20lacked%20external%20enemies%20and%20opposition%20and%20was%20forced%20into%20an%20oppressive%20narrowness%20and%20regularity%20of%20custom%2C%20impatiently%20tore%20himself%20apart%2C%20persecuted%20himself%2C%20gnawed%20away%20at%20himself%2C%20grew%20upset%2C%20and%20did%20himself%20damage%20this%20animal%20which%20scraped%20itself%20raw%20against%20the%20bars%20of%20its%20cage%2C%20which%20people%20want%20to%20%E2%80%9Ctame%2C%E2%80%9D%20this%20impoverished%20creature%2C%20consumed%20with%20longing%20for%20the%20wild%2C%20had%20to%20create%20in%20itself%20an%20adventure%2C%20a%20torture%20chamber%2C%20an%20uncertain%20and%20dangerous%20wilderness%2C%20this%20fool%2C%20this%20yearning%20and%20puzzled%20prisoner%2C%20was%20the%20inventor%20of%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience.%E2%80%9D%20With%20him%20was%20introduced%20the%20greatest%20and%20weirdest%20illness%2C%20from%20which%20human%20beings%20up%20to%20the%20present%20time%20have%20not%20recovered%2C%20the%20suffering%20of%20man%20from%20his%20humanness%2C%20from%20himself%2C%20a%20consequence%20of%20the%20forcible%20separation%20from%20his%20animal%20past%2C%20a%20leap%20and%2C%20so%20to%20speak%2C%20a%20fall%20into%20new%20situations%20and%20living%20conditions%2C%20a%20declaration%20of%20war%20against%20the%20old%20instincts%2C%20on%20which%2C%20up%20to%20that%20point%2C%20his%20power%2C%20joy%2C%20and%20ability%20to%20inspire%20fear%20had%20been%20based.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ELet%20us%20at%20once%20add%20that%2C%20on%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20the%20fact%20that%20there%20was%20now%20an%20animal%20soul%20turned%20against%20itself%2C%20taking%20sides%20against%20itself%2C%20provided%20this%20earth%20with%20something%20so%20new%2C%20profound%2C%20unheard%20of%2C%20enigmatic%2C%20contradictory%2C%20and%20portentous%2C%20that%20the%20picture%20of%20the%20earth%20was%20fundamentally%20changed.%20In%20fact%2C%20it%20required%20divine%20spectators%20to%20approve%20the%20dramatic%20performance%20which%20then%20began%20and%20whose%20conclusion%20is%20not%20yet%20in%20sight%2C%20a%20spectacle%20too%20fine%2C%20too%20wonderful%2C%20too%20paradoxical%2C%20to%20be%20allowed%20to%20play%20itself%20out%20senselessly%20and%20unobserved%20on%20some%20ridiculous%20star%20or%20other.%20Since%20then%20man%20has%20been%20included%20among%20the%20most%20unexpected%20and%20most%20thrillingly%20lucky%20rolls%20of%20the%20dice%20in%20the%20game%20played%20by%20Heraclitus%E2%80%99%20%E2%80%9Cgreat%20child%2C%E2%80%9D%20whether%20he%E2%80%99s%20called%20Zeus%20or%20chance.%20In%20himself%20he%20arouses%20a%20certain%20interest%2C%20tension%2C%20hope%2C%20almost%20a%20certainty%2C%20as%20if%20something%20is%20announcing%20itself%20in%20him%2C%20is%20preparing%20itself%2C%20as%20if%20the%20human%20being%20were%20not%20the%20goal%20but%20only%20the%20way%2C%20an%20episode%2C%20a%20great%20promise...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXVII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EInherent%20in%20this%20hypothesis%20about%20the%20origin%20of%20bad%20conscience%20is%2C%20firstly%2C%20the%20assumption%20that%20this%20change%20was%20not%20gradual%20or%20voluntary%20and%20did%20not%20manifest%20an%20organic%20growth%20into%20new%20conditions%2C%20but%20was%20a%20break%2C%20a%20leap%2C%20something%20forced%2C%20an%20irrefutable%20disaster%2C%20against%20which%20there%20was%20no%20struggle%20nor%20any%20resentment.%20Secondly%2C%20it%20assumes%20that%20the%20adaptation%20of%20a%20populace%20which%20had%20hitherto%20been%20unchecked%20and%20shapeless%20into%20a%20fixed%20form%20was%20initiated%20by%20an%20act%20of%20violence%20and%20was%20carried%20to%20its%20conclusion%20by%20nothing%20but%20sheer%20acts%20of%20violence%2C%20that%20consequently%20the%20very%20oldest%20%E2%80%9CState%E2%80%9D%20emerged%20as%20a%20terrible%20tyranny%2C%20as%20an%20oppressive%20and%20inconsiderate%20machinery%2C%20and%20continued%20working%20until%20such%20a%20raw%20materials%20of%20people%20and%20half-animals%20finally%20were%20not%20only%20thoroughly%20kneaded%20and%20submissive%20but%20also%20given%20a%20shape.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%20used%20the%20word%20%E2%80%9CState%E2%80%9D%20it%20is%20self-evident%20who%20is%20meant%20by%20that%20term%20some%20pack%20of%20blond%20predatory%20animals%2C%20a%20race%20of%20conquerors%20and%20masters%2C%20which%2C%20organized%20for%20war%20and%20with%20the%20power%20to%20organize%2C%20without%20thinking%20about%20it%2C%20sets%20its%20terrifying%20paws%20on%20a%20subordinate%20population%20which%20may%20perhaps%20be%20vast%20in%20numbers%20but%20is%20still%20without%20any%20shape%2C%20is%20still%20wandering%20about.%20That%E2%80%99s%20surely%20the%20way%20the%20%E2%80%9CState%E2%80%9D%20begins%20on%20earth.%20I%20believe%20that%20that%20fantasy%20has%20been%20done%20away%20with%20which%20sees%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20state%20in%20some%20%E2%80%9Ccontract.%E2%80%9D%20The%20man%20who%20can%20command%2C%20who%20is%20naturally%20a%20%E2%80%9Cmaster%2C%E2%80%9D%20who%20comes%20forward%20with%20violence%20in%20his%20actions%20and%20gestures%20what%20has%20a%20man%20like%20that%20to%20do%20with%20making%20contracts!%20We%20cannot%20negotiate%20with%20such%20beings.%20They%20come%20like%20fate%2C%20without%20cause%2C%20reason%2C%20consideration%2C%20or%20pretext.%20They%20are%20present%20as%20lightning%20is%20present%2C%20too%20fearsome%2C%20too%20sudden%2C%20too%20convincing%2C%20too%20%E2%80%9Cdifferent%E2%80%9D%20even%20to%20become%20hated.%20Their%20work%20is%20the%20instinctive%20creation%20of%20forms%2C%20the%20imposition%20of%20forms.%20They%20are%20the%20most%20involuntary%20and%20unconscious%20artists%20in%20existence.%20Where%20they%20appear%20something%20new%20is%20soon%20present%2C%20a%20living%20power%20structure%2C%20something%20in%20which%20the%20parts%20and%20functions%20are%20demarcated%20and%20coordinated%2C%20in%20which%20there%20is%2C%20in%20general%2C%20no%20place%20for%20anything%20which%20does%20not%20first%20derive%20its%20%E2%80%9Cmeaning%E2%80%9D%20from%20its%20relationship%20to%20the%20totality.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThese%20men%2C%20these%20born%20organizers%2C%20have%20no%20idea%20what%20guilt%2C%20responsibility%2C%20and%20consideration%20are.%20In%20them%20that%20fearsome%20egotism%20of%20the%20artist%20is%20in%20charge%2C%20which%20stares%20out%20like%20bronze%20and%20knows%20how%20to%20justify%20itself%20for%20all%20time%20in%20the%20%E2%80%9Cwork%2C%E2%80%9D%20just%20like%20a%20mother%20with%20her%20child.%20They%20are%20not%20the%20ones%20in%20whom%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience%E2%80%9D%20grew%20that%20point%20is%20obvious%20from%20the%20outset.%20But%20this%20hateful%20plant%20would%20not%20have%20grown%20without%20them.%20It%20would%20have%20failed%20if%20an%20immense%20amount%20of%20freedom%20had%20not%20been%20driven%20from%20the%20world%20under%20the%20pressure%20of%20their%20hammer%20blows%2C%20their%20artistic%20violence%20or%20at%20least%20driven%20from%20sight%20and%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%20had%20become%20latent.%20This%20powerful%20instinct%20for%20freedom%2C%20once%20made%20latent%20(we%20already%20understand%20how)%2C%20this%20instinct%20driven%20back%2C%20repressed%2C%20imprisoned%20inside%2C%20and%20finally%20able%20to%20discharge%20and%20direct%20itself%20only%20against%20itself%20that%20and%20that%20alone%20is%20what%20bad%20conscience%20is%20in%20its%20beginnings.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXVIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20need%20to%20be%20careful%20not%20to%20entertain%20a%20low%20opinion%20of%20this%20entire%20phenomenon%20simply%20because%20it%20is%20from%20the%20start%20hateful%20and%20painful.%20Basically%20it%20is%20the%20same%20active%20force%20which%20is%20at%20work%20on%20a%20grander%20scale%20in%20those%20artists%20of%20power%20and%20organization%20and%20which%20builds%20states.%20Here%20it%20is%20inner%2C%20smaller%2C%20more%20mean%20spirited%2C%20directing%20itself%20backwards%2C%20into%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20labyrinth%20of%20the%20breast%2C%E2%80%9D%20to%20use%20Goethe%E2%80%99s%20words%2C%20and%20it%20creates%20bad%20conscience%20and%20builds%20negative%20ideals%2C%20that%20very%20instinct%20for%20freedom%20(to%20use%20my%20own%20language%2C%20the%20will%20to%20power).%20But%20the%20material%20on%20which%20the%20shaping%20and%20violating%20nature%20of%20this%20force%20directs%20itself%20here%20is%20man%20himself%2C%20all%20his%20old%20animal%20self%2C%20and%20not%2C%20as%20in%20that%20greater%20and%20more%20striking%20phenomenon%2C%20on%20another%20man%20or%20on%20other%20men.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThis%20furtive%20violation%20of%20the%20self%2C%20this%20artistic%20cruelty%2C%20this%20pleasure%20in%20giving%20a%20shape%20to%20oneself%20as%20if%20to%20a%20tough%2C%20resisting%2C%20suffering%20material%2C%20to%20burn%20into%20it%20a%20will%2C%20a%20critique%2C%20a%20contradiction%2C%20a%20contempt%2C%20a%20denial%20this%20weird%20and%20horribly%20pleasurable%20work%20of%20a%20soul%20willingly%20divided%20against%20itself%2C%20which%20makes%20itself%20suffer%20for%20the%20pleasure%20of%20creating%20suffering%2C%20all%20this%20active%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience%2C%E2%80%9D%20as%20the%20essential%20womb%20of%20ideal%20and%20imaginative%20events%2C%20finally%20brought%20to%20light%20we%20have%20already%20guessed%20also%20an%20abundance%20of%20strange%20new%20beauty%20and%20affirmation%2C%20perhaps%20for%20the%20first%20time%20the%20idea%20of%20the%20beautiful.%20.%20.%20.%20For%20what%20would%20be%20%E2%80%9Cbeautiful%2C%E2%80%9D%20if%20its%20opposite%20had%20not%20yet%20come%20to%20an%20awareness%20of%20itself%2C%20if%20ugliness%20had%20not%20already%20said%20to%20itself%2C%20%E2%80%9CI%20am%20ugly%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAt%20least%2C%20after%20this%20hint%20one%20paradox%20will%20be%20less%20puzzling%20how%20contradictory%20ideas%2C%20like%20selflessness%2C%20self-denial%2C%20and%20self-sacrifice%2C%20can%20connote%20an%20ideal%2C%20something%20beautiful.%20And%20beyond%20that%2C%20one%20thing%20we%20do%20know%20I%20have%20no%20doubt%20about%20it%20namely%2C%20the%20nature%20of%20the%20pleasure%20which%20the%20selfless%2C%20self-denying%2C%20self-sacrificing%20person%20experiences%20from%20the%20beginning%3A%20this%20pleasure%20belongs%20to%20cruelty.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESo%20much%20for%20the%20moment%20on%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Cunegoistic%E2%80%9D%20as%20something%20of%20moral%20worth%20and%20on%20the%20demarcation%20of%20the%20soil%20out%20of%20which%20this%20value%20has%20grown%3A%20only%20bad%20conscience%2C%20only%20the%20will%20to%20abuse%20the%20self%2C%20provides%20the%20condition%20for%20the%20value%20of%20the%20unegoistic.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXIX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBad%20conscience%20is%20a%20sickness%20there%E2%80%99s%20no%20doubt%20about%20that%20but%20a%20sickness%20as%20pregnancy%20is%20a%20sickness.%20Let%E2%80%99s%20look%20for%20the%20conditions%20in%20which%20this%20illness%20has%20arrived%20at%20its%20most%20terrible%20and%20most%20sublime%20peak.%20In%20this%20way%20we%E2%80%99ll%20see%20what%20really%20first%20brought%20about%20its%20entry%20into%20the%20world.%20But%20that%20requires%20a%20lot%20of%20endurance%20and%20we%20must%20first%20go%20back%20again%20to%20an%20earlier%20point.%20The%20relationship%20in%20civil%20law%20between%20the%20debtor%20and%20the%20creditor%2C%20which%20I%21"R8 xewed%20extensively%20already%2C%20has%20been%20reinterpreted%20once%20again%20in%20an%20extremely%20remarkable%20and%20dubious%20historical%20manner%20into%20a%20relationship%20which%20we%20modern%20men%20are%20perhaps%20least%20capable%20of%20understanding%2C%20namely%2C%20into%20the%20relationship%20between%20those%20people%20presently%20alive%20and%20their%20ancestors.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWithin%20the%20original%20tribal%20cooperatives%20we%E2%80%99re%20talking%20about%20primeval%20times%20the%20living%20generation%20always%20acknowledged%20a%20legal%20obligation%20to%20the%20previous%20generations%2C%20and%20especially%20to%20the%20earliest%20one%20which%20had%20founded%20the%20tribe%20(and%20this%20was%20in%20no%20way%20merely%20a%20sentimental%20obligation%20the%20latter%20is%20something%20we%20could%20reasonably%20claim%20was%20absent%20for%20the%20longest%20period%20of%20the%20human%20race).%20Here%20the%20reigning%20conviction%20was%20that%20the%20tribe%20exists%20only%20because%20of%20the%20sacrifices%20and%20achievements%20of%20its%20ancestors%2C%20and%20that%20people%20had%20to%20pay%20them%20back%20with%20sacrifices%20and%20achievements.%20In%20this%20people%20recognize%20a%20debt%20which%20keeps%20steadily%20growing%20because%20these%20ancestors%20in%20their%20continuing%20existence%20as%20powerful%20spirits%20do%20not%20stop%20giving%20the%20tribe%20new%20advantages%20and%20lending%20them%20their%20power.%20Do%20they%20do%20this%20gratuitously%3F%20But%20there%20is%20no%20%E2%80%9Cgratuitously%E2%80%9D%20for%20these%20raw%20and%20%E2%80%9Cspiritually%20destitute%E2%80%9D%20ages.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhat%20can%20people%20give%20back%20to%20them%3F%20Sacrifices%20(at%20first%20as%20nourishment%20understood%20very%20crudely)%2C%20festivals%2C%20chapels%2C%20signs%20of%20honour%2C%20and%2C%20above%20all%2C%20obedience%20for%20all%20customs%2C%20as%20work%20of%20one%E2%80%99s%20ancestors%2C%20are%20also%20their%20statutes%20and%20commands.%20Do%20people%20ever%20give%20them%20enough%3F%20This%20suspicion%20remains%20and%20grows.%20From%20time%20to%20time%20it%20forcefully%20requires%20wholesale%20redemption%2C%20something%20huge%20as%20a%20payment%20back%20to%20the%20%E2%80%9Ccreditor%E2%80%9D%20(the%20notorious%20sacrifice%20of%20the%20first%20born%2C%20for%20example%2C%20blood%2C%20human%20blood%20in%20any%20case).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFear%20of%20ancestors%20and%20their%20power%2C%20the%20awareness%20of%20one%E2%80%99s%20debt%20to%20them%2C%20according%20to%20this%20kind%20of%20logic%2C%20necessarily%20increases%20directly%20in%20proportion%20to%20the%20increase%20in%20the%20power%20of%20the%20tribe%20itself%2C%20as%20the%20tribe%20finds%20itself%20constantly%20more%20victorious%2C%20more%20independent%2C%20more%20honoured%2C%20and%20more%20feared.%20It%E2%80%99s%20not%20the%20other%20way%20around!%20Every%20step%20towards%20the%20decline%20of%20the%20tribe%2C%20all%20conditions%20of%20misery%2C%20all%20indications%20of%20degeneration%2C%20of%20approaching%20dissolution%2C%20much%20rather%20lead%20to%20a%20constant%20diminution%20of%20the%20fear%20of%20the%20spirit%20of%20its%20founder%20and%20give%20a%20constantly%20smaller%20image%20of%20his%20wisdom%2C%20providence%2C%20and%20present%20power.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIf%20we%20think%20this%20crude%20logic%20through%20to%20its%20conclusion%2C%20then%20the%20ancestors%20of%20the%20most%20powerful%20tribes%20must%2C%20because%20of%20the%20fantasy%20of%20increasing%20fear%2C%20finally%20have%20grown%20into%20something%20immense%20and%20have%20been%20pushed%20into%20the%20darkness%20of%20a%20divine%20mystery%2C%20something%20beyond%20the%20powers%20of%20imagination%2C%20so%20that%20finally%20the%20ancestor%20is%20necessarily%20transfigured%20into%20a%20god.%20Here%20perhaps%20lies%20even%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20gods%2C%20thus%20an%20origin%20out%20of%20fear!%20.%20.%20.%20And%20the%20man%20to%20whom%20it%20seems%20obligatory%20to%20add%20%E2%80%9CBut%20also%20out%20of%20piety%E2%80%9D%20could%20hardly%20claim%20to%20be%20right%20for%20the%20longest%20period%20of%20human%20history%2C%20for%20his%20pre-history.%20Of%20course%2C%20he%20would%20be%20all%20the%20more%20correct%20for%20the%20middle%20period%20in%20which%20the%20noble%20tribes%20developed%2C%20those%20who%20in%20fact%20paid%20back%20their%20founders%2C%20their%20ancestors%20(heroes%2C%20gods)%2C%20with%20interest%2C%20all%20the%20characteristics%20which%20in%20the%20meantime%20had%20become%20manifest%20in%20themselves%2C%20the%20noble%20qualities.%20Later%20we%20will%20have%20another%20look%20at%20the%20process%20by%20which%20the%20gods%20were%20ennobled%20and%20exalted%20(which%20is%20naturally%20not%20at%20all%20the%20same%20thing%20as%20their%20becoming%20%E2%80%9Choly%E2%80%9D).%20But%20now%2C%20for%20the%20moment%2C%20let%E2%80%99s%20follow%20the%20path%20of%20this%20whole%20development%20of%20the%20consciousness%20of%20guilt%20to%20its%20conclusion.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXX%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAs%20history%20teaches%20us%2C%20the%20consciousness%20of%20being%20in%20debt%20to%20the%20gods%20did%20not%20in%20any%20way%20come%20to%20an%20end%20after%20the%20downfall%20of%20communities%20organized%20on%20the%20basis%20of%20blood%20relationships.%20Just%20as%20humanity%20inherited%20the%20ideas%20of%20%E2%80%9Cgood%20and%20bad%E2%80%9D%20from%20the%20nobility%20of%20the%20tribe%20(together%20with%20its%20fundamental%20psychological%20tendency%20to%20set%20up%20orders%20of%20rank)%2C%20in%20the%20same%20way%20people%20also%20inherited%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20divinities%20of%20the%20tribe%20and%20of%20the%20extended%20family%2C%20the%20pressure%20of%20as%20yet%20unpaid%20debts%20and%20the%20desire%20to%20be%20relieved%20of%20them.%20(The%20transition%20is%20made%20with%20those%20numerous%20slave%20and%20indentured%20populations%20which%20adapted%20themselves%20to%20the%20divine%20cults%20of%20their%20masters%2C%20whether%20through%20compulsion%20or%20through%20obsequiousness%20and%20mimicry%3B%20from%20them%20this%20inheritance%20overflowed%20in%20all%20directions).%20The%20feeling%20of%20being%20indebted%20to%20the%20gods%20did%20not%20stop%20growing%20for%20several%20thousands%20of%20years%20always%2C%20in%20fact%2C%20in%20direct%20proportion%20to%20the%20extent%20to%20which%20the%20idea%20of%20god%20and%20the%20feeling%20for%20god%20grew%20and%20were%20carried%20to%20the%20heights.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E(The%20entire%20history%20of%20ethnic%20fighting%2C%20victory%2C%20reconciliation%2C%20mergers%20everything%20which%20comes%20before%20the%20final%20rank%20ordering%20of%20all%20the%20elements%20of%20a%20people%20in%20that%20great%20racial%20synthesis%20is%20mirrored%20in%20the%20tangled%20genealogies%20of%20its%20gods%2C%20in%20the%20sagas%20of%20their%20fights%2C%20victories%2C%20and%20reconciliations.%20The%20progress%20towards%20universal%20kingdoms%20is%20at%20the%20same%20time%20always%20also%20the%20progress%20toward%20universal%20divinities.%20In%20addition%2C%20despotism%2C%20with%20its%20overthrow%20of%20the%20independent%20nobles%20always%20builds%20the%20way%20to%20some%20variety%20of%20monotheism).%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThe%20arrival%20of%20the%20Christian%20god%2C%20as%20the%20greatest%20god%20which%20has%20yet%20been%20reached%2C%20thus%20brought%20a%20manifestation%20of%20the%20greatest%20feeling%20of%20indebtedness%20on%20earth.%20Assuming%20that%20we%20have%20gradually%20set%20out%20in%20the%20reverse%20direction%2C%20we%20can%20infer%20with%20no%20small%20probability%20that%2C%20given%20the%20inexorable%20decline%20of%20faith%20in%20the%20Christian%20god%2C%20even%20now%20there%20already%20may%20be%20a%20considerable%20decline%20in%20the%20human%20consciousness%20of%20guilt.%20Indeed%2C%20we%20cannot%20dismiss%20the%20idea%20that%20the%20complete%20and%20final%20victory%20of%20atheism%20could%20release%20humanity%20from%20this%20entire%20feeling%20of%20being%20indebted%20to%20its%20origins%2C%20its%20%3Ci%3Ecausa%20prima%20%5Bprime%20cause%5D%3C%2Fi%3E.%20Atheism%20and%20a%20kind%20of%20second%20innocence%20belong%20together.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXXI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ESo%20much%20for%20a%20brief%20and%20rough%20preface%20concerning%20the%20connection%20between%20the%20ideas%20%E2%80%9Cguilt%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cobligation%E2%80%9D%20with%20religious%20assumptions.%20Up%20to%20this%20point%20I%20have%20deliberately%20set%20aside%20the%20actual%20moralizing%20of%20these%20ideas%20(the%20repression%20of%20them%20into%20the%20conscience%2C%20or%20more%20precisely%2C%20the%20complex%20interaction%20between%20a%20bad%20conscience%20and%20the%20idea%20of%20god).%20At%20the%20end%20of%20the%20previous%20section%20I%20even%20talked%20as%20if%20there%20was%20no%20such%20thing%20as%20this%20moralizing%20and%20thus%20as%20if%20now%20these%20ideas%20had%20necessarily%20come%20to%20an%20end%20after%20the%20collapse%20of%20their%20presuppositions%2C%20the%20faith%20in%20our%20%E2%80%9Ccreditor%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20God.%20But%20to%20a%20terrifying%20extent%20the%20facts%20indicate%20something%20different.%20The%20moralizing%20of%20the%20ideas%20of%20debt%20and%20duty%2C%20with%20their%20repression%20into%20bad%20conscience%2C%20actually%20gave%20rise%20to%20the%20attempt%20to%20reverse%20the%20direction%20of%20the%20development%20I%20have%20just%20described%2C%20or%20at%20least%20to%20bring%20its%20motion%20to%20a%20halt.%20Now%2C%20in%20a%20fit%20of%20pessimism%2C%20the%20prospect%20of%20a%20final%20installment%20must%20once%20and%20for%20all%20be%20denied.%20Now%2C%20our%20gaze%20is%20to%20bounce%20and%20ricochet%20back%20despairingly%20off%20an%20iron%20impossibility%2C%20now%20those%20ideas%20of%20%E2%80%9Cdebt%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cduty%E2%80%9D%20are%20supposed%20to%20turn%20back.%20But%20against%20whom%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThere%20can%20be%20no%20doubt%3A%20first%20of%20all%20against%20the%20%E2%80%9Cdebtor%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20whom%20from%20this%20point%20on%20bad%20conscience%2C%20firmly%20set%20in%20him%2C%20eating%20into%20him%20and%20spreading%20out%20like%20a%20polyp%2C%20grows%20wide%20and%20deep%2C%20until%20finally%2C%20with%20the%20impossibility%20of%20discharging%20the%20debt%2C%20people%20conceive%20of%20the%20idea%20of%20the%20impossibility%20of%20removing%20the%20penance%2C%20the%20idea%20that%20the%20debt%20cannot%20be%20paid%20off%20(%E2%80%9Ceternal%20punishment%E2%80%9D).%20Finally%20however%2C%20those%20ideas%20of%20%E2%80%9Cdebt%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cduty%E2%80%9D%20turn%20back%20even%20against%20the%20%E2%80%9Ccreditor.%E2%80%9D%20People%20should%2C%20in%20this%20matter%2C%20now%20think%20about%20the%20%3Ci%3Ecausa%20prima%20%5Bfirst%20cause%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20of%20humanity%2C%20about%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20human%20race%2C%20about%20their%20ancestor%20who%20from%20now%20on%20is%20loaded%20down%20with%20a%20curse%20(%E2%80%9CAdam%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Coriginal%20sin%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cno%20freedom%20of%20the%20will%2C%E2%80%9D)%20or%20about%20nature%20from%20whose%20womb%20human%20beings%20arose%20and%20into%20whom%20from%20now%20on%20the%20principle%20of%20evil%20is%20inserted%20(%E2%80%9Cthe%20demonizing%20of%20nature%E2%80%9D)%20or%20about%20existence%20in%20general%2C%20which%20remains%20something%20without%20value%20in%20itself%20(nihilistic%20turning%20away%20from%20existence%2C%20longing%20for%20nothingness%2C%20or%20a%20desire%20for%20its%20%E2%80%9Copposite%2C%E2%80%9D%20in%20an%20alternate%20state%20of%20being%2C%20Buddhism%20and%20things%20like%20that)%20until%20all%20of%20a%20sudden%20we%20confront%20the%20paradoxical%20and%20horrifying%20expedient%20with%20which%20a%20martyred%20humanity%20found%20temporary%20relief%2C%20that%20stroke%20of%20genius%20of%20Christianity%20God%E2%80%99s%20sacrifice%20of%20himself%20for%20the%20guilt%20of%20human%20beings%2C%20God%20paying%20himself%20back%20with%20himself%2C%20God%20as%20the%20only%20one%20who%20can%20redeem%20man%20from%20what%20for%20human%20beings%20has%20become%20impossible%20to%20redeem%20the%20creditor%20sacrifices%20himself%20for%20the%20debtor%2C%20out%20of%20love%20(can%20people%20believe%20that%3F)%2C%20out%20of%20love%20for%20his%20debtor!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXXII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EYou%20will%20already%20have%20guessed%20what%20went%20on%20with%20all%20this%20and%20behind%20all%20this%3A%20that%20will%20to%20self-torment%2C%20that%20repressed%20cruelty%20of%20animal%20man%20pushed%20inward%20and%20forced%20back%20into%20himself%2C%20imprisoned%20in%20the%20%E2%80%9Cstate%E2%80%9D%20to%20make%20him%20tame%2C%20who%20invented%20bad%20conscience%20in%20order%20to%20lacerate%20himself%2C%20after%20the%20more%20natural%20discharge%20of%20this%20will%20to%20inflict%20pain%20had%20been%20blocked%2C%20this%20man%20with%20a%20bad%20conscience%20seized%20upon%20religious%20assumptions%20to%20drive%20his%20self-torment%20into%20something%20most%20horrifying%20hard%20and%20sharp.%20Guilt%20towards%20God%3A%20this%20idea%20becomes%20his%20instrument%20of%20torture.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EHe%20sees%20in%20%E2%80%9CGod%E2%80%9D%20the%20ultimate%20contrast%20he%20is%20capable%20of%20discovering%20to%20his%20real%20and%20indissoluble%20animal%20instincts.%20He%20interprets%20these%20very%20animal%20instincts%20as%20a%20crime%20against%20God%20(as%20enmity%2C%20rebellion%2C%20revolt%20against%20the%20%E2%80%9Cmaster%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20%E2%80%9Cfather%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20original%20ancestor%20and%20beginning%20of%20the%20world).%20He%20grows%20tense%20with%20the%20contradiction%20of%20%E2%80%9CGod%E2%80%9D%20and%20%E2%80%9Cdevil.%E2%80%9D%20He%20hurls%20from%20himself%20every%20denial%20which%20he%20says%20to%20himself%2C%20his%20nature%2C%20his%20naturalness%2C%20the%20reality%20of%20his%20being%20as%20an%20affirmative%20yes%2C%20as%20something%20existing%2C%20as%20living%2C%20as%20real%2C%20as%20God%2C%20as%20the%20blessedness%20of%20God%2C%20as%20God%20the%20Judge%2C%20as%20God%20the%20Hangman%2C%20as%20something%20beyond%20him%2C%20as%20eternity%2C%20as%20perpetual%20torment%2C%20as%20hell%2C%20as%20punishment%20and%20guilt%20beyond%20all%20measure.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20this%20mental%20cruelty%20there%20is%20a%20kind%20of%20insanity%20of%20the%20will%2C%20which%20simply%20has%20no%20equal%3A%20a%20man%E2%80%99s%20will%20finding%20him%20so%20guilty%20and%20reprehensible%20that%20there%20is%20no%20atonement%2C%20his%20will%20to%20imagine%20himself%20punished%2C%20but%20in%20such%20a%20way%20that%20the%20punishment%20can%20never%20be%20adequate%20for%20his%20crime%2C%20his%20will%20to%20infect%20and%20poison%20the%20most%20fundamental%20basis%20of%20things%20with%20the%20problem%20of%20punishment%20and%20guilt%20in%20order%20to%20cut%20himself%20off%20once%20and%20for%20all%20from%20any%20exit%20out%20of%20this%20labyrinth%20of%20%E2%80%9Cfixed%20ideas%2C%E2%80%9D%20his%20will%20to%20erect%20an%20ideal%20(that%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Choly%20God%E2%80%9D)%20in%20order%20to%20be%20tangibly%20certain%20of%20his%20own%20absolute%20worthlessness%20when%20confronted%20with%20it.%20Oh%20this%20insane%2C%20sad%20beast%20man!%20What%20ideas%20he%20has%2C%20what%20unnaturalness%2C%20what%20paroxysms%20of%20nonsense%2C%20what%20bestiality%20of%20thought%20breaks%20from%20him%20as%20soon%20as%20he%20is%20prevented%2C%20if%20only%20a%20little%2C%20from%20being%20a%20beast%20in%20deed!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EAll%20this%20is%20excessively%20interesting%2C%20but%20there%E2%80%99s%20also%20a%20black%2C%20gloomy%2C%20unnerving%20sadness%20about%20it%2C%20so%20that%20man%20must%20forcefully%20hold%20himself%20back%20from%20gazing%20too%20long%20into%20these%20abysses.%20Here%20we%20have%20an%20illness%20no%20doubt%20about%20that%20the%20most%20terrifying%20illness%20that%20has%20raged%20in%20human%20beings%20up%20to%20now.%20And%20anyone%20who%20can%20still%20hear%20(but%20nowadays%20people%20no%20longer%20have%20the%20ear%20for%20this)%20how%20in%20this%20night%20of%20torment%20and%20insanity%20the%20cry%20of%20love%20has%20resounded%2C%20the%20cry%20of%20the%20most%20yearning%20delight%2C%20of%20redemption%20through%20love%2C%20turns%20away%2C%20seized%20by%20an%20invincible%20horror.%20.%20.%20In%20human%20beings%20there%20is%20so%20much%20that%20is%20terrible!%20.%20.%20.%20For%20too%20long%20the%20world%20has%20been%20a%20lunatic%20asylum!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXXIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThese%20remarks%20should%20be%20sufficient%2C%20once%20and%20for%20all%2C%20concerning%20the%20origin%20of%20the%20%E2%80%9Choly%20God.%E2%80%9D%20The%20fact%20that%20conceiving%20gods%20does%20not%20necessarily%2C%20in%20itself%2C%20lead%20to%20a%20degraded%20imagination%20that%E2%80%99s%20something%20we%20have%20to%20consider%20for%20a%20moment%2C%20the%20point%20that%20there%20are%20more%20uplifting%20ways%20to%20use%20the%20invention%20of%20the%20gods%20than%20for%20this%20human%20self-crucifixion%20and%20self-laceration%20of%20man%2C%20in%20which%20Europe%20in%20the%20last%20millennia%20has%20become%20an%20expert.%20Fortunately%20that%20something%20we%20can%20infer%20if%20we%20take%20a%20look%20at%20the%20Greek%20gods%2C%20these%20reflections%20of%20nobler%20men%2C%20more%20rulers%20of%20themselves%2C%20in%20whom%20the%20animal%20in%20man%20felt%20himself%20deified%20and%20did%20not%20tear%20himself%20apart%2C%20did%20not%20rage%20against%20himself!%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThese%20Greeks%20for%20the%20longest%20time%20used%20their%20gods%20for%20the%20very%20purpose%20of%20keeping%20that%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience%E2%80%9D%20at%20a%20distance%2C%20in%20order%20to%20be%20able%20to%20continue%20enjoying%20their%20psychic%20freedom.%20Hence%2C%20their%20understanding%20was%20the%20opposite%20of%20how%20Christianity%20used%20its%20God.%20In%20this%20matter%20the%20Greeks%20went%20a%20long%20way%2C%20these%20splendid%20and%20lion-hearted%20Greeks%2C%20with%20their%20child-like%20minds.%20And%20no%20lesser%20authority%20than%20that%20of%20Homer%E2%80%99s%20Zeus%20himself%20now%20and%20then%20tells%20them%20that%20they%20are%20making%20things%20too%20easy%20for%20themselves.%20%E2%80%9CIt%E2%80%99s%20strange%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20says%20at%20one%20point%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20case%20of%20Aegisthus%2C%20a%20very%20bad%20case%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%26nbsp%3BIt%E2%80%99s%20strange%20how%20these%20mortal%20creatures%20complain%20about%20the%20gods!%20Evil%20comes%20only%20from%20us%2C%20they%20claim%2C%20but%20they%20themselves%20Stupidly%20make%20themselves%20miserable%2C%20even%20contrary%20to%20fate.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20at%20the%20same%20time%20we%20hear%20and%20see%20that%20even%20this%20Olympian%20spectator%20and%20judge%20is%20far%20from%20being%20irritated%20or%20thinking%20of%20them%20as%20evil%20because%20of%20this%3A%20%E2%80%9CHow%20foolish%20they%20are%E2%80%9D%20he%20thinks%20in%20relation%20to%20the%20bad%20deeds%20of%20mortal%20men.%20And%20the%20Greeks%20of%20the%20strongest%20and%20bravest%20times%20conceded%20that%20much%20about%20themselves%20the%20%E2%80%9Cfoolishness%2C%E2%80%9D%20%E2%80%9Cstupidity%2C%E2%80%9D%20a%20little%20%E2%80%9Cdisturbance%20in%20the%20head%E2%80%9D%20were%20the%20basis%20for%20many%20bad%20and%20fateful%20things%20foolishness%2C%20not%20sin!%20Do%20you%20understand%20that%3F%20.%20.%20.%20But%20even%20this%20disturbance%20in%20the%20head%20was%20a%20problem%2C%20%E2%80%9CIndeed%2C%20how%20is%20this%20even%20possible%3F%20Where%20could%20this%20have%20really%20come%20from%20in%20heads%20like%20the%20ones%20we%20have%2C%20we%20men%20of%20noble%20descent%2C%20happy%2C%20successful%2C%20from%20the%20best%20society%2C%20noble%2C%20and%20virtuous%3F%E2%80%9D%20For%20hundreds%20of%20years%20the%20noble%20Greek%20posed%20this%20question%20to%20himself%20in%20relation%20to%20any%20incomprehensible%20horror%20or%20outrage%20which%20had%20defiled%20one%20of%20his%20peers.%20%E2%80%9CSome%20god%20must%20have%20deluded%20him%2C%E2%80%9D%20he%20finally%20said%2C%20shaking%20his%20head%20.%20.%20.%20This%20solution%20is%20typical%20of%20the%20Greeks%20.%20.%20.%20In%20this%20way%2C%20the%20gods%20then%20served%20to%20justify%20men%20to%20a%20certain%20extent%2C%20even%20in%20bad%20things.%20They%20served%20as%20the%20origin%20of%20evil%20at%20that%20time%20the%20gods%20took%20upon%20themselves%2C%20not%20punishment%2C%20but%2C%20what%20is%20nobler%2C%20the%20guilt.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXXIV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%E2%80%99ll%20conclude%20with%20three%20question%20marks%20that%E2%80%99s%20clear%20enough.%20You%20may%20perhaps%20ask%20me%2C%20%E2%80%9CIs%20an%20ideal%20being%20built%20up%20here%20or%20shattered%3F%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.%20But%20have%20you%20ever%20really%20asked%20yourself%20how%20high%20a%20price%20has%20been%20paid%20on%20earth%20for%20the%20construction%20of%20every%20ideal%3F%20How%20much%20reality%20had%20to%20be%20constantly%20vilified%20and%20misunderstood%2C%20how%20many%20lies%20had%20to%20be%20consecrated%2C%20how%20many%20consciences%20corrupted%2C%20how%20much%20%E2%80%9Cgod%E2%80%9D%20had%20to%20be%20sacrificed%20every%20time%3F%20That%20is%20the%20law%20show%20me%20the%20case%20where%20it%20has%20not%20been%20fulfilled!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWe%20modern%20men%2C%20we%20are%20the%20inheritors%20of%20the%20vivisection%20of%20the%20conscience%20and%20the%20self-inflicted%20animal%20torture%20of%20the%20past%20millennia.%20That%E2%80%99s%20what%20we%20have%20had%20the%20longest%20practice%20doing%2C%20that%20is%20perhaps%20our%20artistry%20in%20any%20case%20it%20is%20something%20we%20have%20refined%2C%20the%20corruption%20of%20our%20taste.%20For%20too%20long%20man%20has%20looked%20at%20his%20natural%20inclinations%20with%20an%20%E2%80%9Cevil%20eye%2C%E2%80%9D%20so%20that%20finally%20in%20him%20they%20have%20become%20twinned%20with%20%E2%80%9Cbad%20conscience.%E2%80%9D%20An%20attempt%20to%20reverse%20this%20might%2C%20in%20itself%2C%20be%20possible%2C%20but%20who%20is%20strong%20enough%20for%20that%2C%20that%20is%2C%20to%20link%20with%20bad%20conscience%20the%20unnatural%20inclinations%2C%20all%20those%20aspirations%20for%20what%20lies%20beyond%20us%2C%20those%20things%20which%20go%20against%20our%20senses%2C%20against%20our%20instincts%2C%20against%20nature%2C%20against%20animals%20in%20short%2C%20the%20earlier%20ideals%2C%20all%20the%20ideals%20which%20are%20hostile%20to%20life%20and%20which%20have%20vilified%20the%20world%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETo%20whom%20can%20we%20turn%20to%20today%20with%20such%20hopes%20and%20demands%3F%20.%20.%20.%20We%20would%20have%20precisely%20the%20good%20men%20against%20us%2C%20as%20well%2C%20of%20course%2C%20as%20the%20comfortable%2C%20the%20complacent%2C%20the%20vain%2C%20the%20enthusiastic%2C%20the%20tired%20.%20.%20.%20But%20what%20is%20more%20offensive%2C%20what%20cuts%20us%20off%20more%20fundamentally%20from%20these%20others%2C%20than%20letting%20them%20take%20some%20note%20of%20the%20severity%20and%20loftiness%20with%20which%20we%20deal%20with%20ourselves%3F%20And%20by%20contrast%20how%20obliging%2C%20how%20friendly%20all%20the%20world%20is%20in%20relation%20to%20us%2C%20as%20soon%20as%20we%20act%20as%20all%20the%20world%20does%20and%20%E2%80%9Clet%20ourselves%20go%E2%80%9D%20just%20like%20everyone%20else!...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETo%20attain%20the%20goal%20I%E2%80%99m%20talking%20about%20requires%20a%20different%20sort%20of%20spirit%20than%20those%20which%20really%20exist%20at%20this%20time%3A%20spirits%20empowered%20by%20war%20and%20victory%2C%20for%20whom%20conquest%2C%20adventure%2C%20danger%2C%20and%20even%20pain%20have%20become%20a%20need.%20That%20would%20require%20getting%20acclimatized%20to%20keen%2C%20high%20air%2C%20winter%20wanderings%2C%20to%20ice%20and%20mountains%20in%20every%20sense.%20That%20would%20require%20even%20a%20kind%20of%20sublime%20maliciousness%2C%20an%20ultimate%20self-conscious%20willfulness%20of%20knowledge%2C%20which%20comes%20with%20great%20health.%20Briefly%20put%2C%20that%20would%20unfortunately%20require%20this%20great%20health!%20.%20.%20.%20Is%20this%20even%20possible%20today%3F...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20at%20some%20time%20or%20other%2C%20in%20a%20more%20powerful%20time%20than%20this%20mouldy%2C%20self-doubting%20present%2C%20he%20must%20nonetheless%20come%20to%20us%2C%20the%20redeeming%20man%20of%20great%20love%20and%20contempt%2C%20the%20creative%20spirit%2C%20constantly%20pushed%20away%20from%20the%20sidelines%20or%20from%20the%20beyond%20by%20his%20own%20driving%20power%2C%20whose%20isolation%20is%20misunderstood%20by%20people%20as%20if%20it%20were%20a%20flight%20from%20reality%2C%20whereas%20it%20is%20his%20immersion%2C%20burial%2C%20and%20absorption%20into%20nothing%20but%20reality%2C%20so%20that%20once%20he%20comes%20out%20of%20it%20into%20the%20light%20again%2C%20he%20brings%20back%20the%20redemption%20of%20this%20reality%2C%20its%20redemption%20from%20the%20curse%20which%20the%20previous%20ideal%20had%20laid%20upon%20it.%20This%20man%20of%20the%20future%2C%20who%20will%20release%20us%20from%20that%20earlier%20ideal%20and%2C%20in%20so%20doing%2C%20from%20those%20things%20which%20had%20to%20grow%20from%20it%2C%20from%20the%20great%20loathing%2C%20from%20the%20will%20to%20nothingness%2C%20from%20nihilism%20that%20stroke%20of%20noon%20and%20of%20the%20great%20decision%20which%20makes%20the%20will%20free%20once%20again%2C%20who%20gives%20back%20to%20the%20earth%20its%20purpose%20and%20to%20human%20beings%20their%20hope%2C%20this%20anti-Christ%20and%20Anti-nihilist%2C%20this%20conqueror%20of%20God%20and%20of%20nothingness%20at%20some%20point%20he%20must%20come...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EXXV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EBut%20what%20am%20I%20talking%20about%20here%3F%20Enough%2C%20enough!%20At%20this%20stage%20there%E2%80%99s%20only%20one%20thing%20appropriate%20for%20me%20to%20do%3A%20keep%20quiet.%20Otherwise%2C%20I%E2%80%99ll%20make%20the%20mistake%20of%20arrogating%20to%20myself%20something%20which%20only%20someone%20younger%20is%20free%20to%20do%2C%20someone%20%E2%80%9Cwith%20a%20greater%20future%2C%E2%80%9D%20someone%20more%20powerful%20than%20I%20something%20which%20only%20Zarathustra%20is%20free%20to%20do%2C%20Zarathustra%20the%20Godless.%20.%20.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cb%3E%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3ETHIRD%20ESSAY%3A%20WHAT%20DO%20ASCETIC%20IDEALS%20MEAN%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fb%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Ci%3E%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3E%E2%80%9CCarefree%2C%20mocking%2C%20violent%20that%20is%20what%20Wisdom%20wants%20us%20to%20be.%20She%20is%20a%20woman.%20She%20always%20loves%20a%20man%20of%20war.%E2%80%9D%20%26nbsp%3BThus%20Spoke%20Zarathustra%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EI%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22initialcap%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhat%20do%20ascetic%20ideals%20mean%3F%20Among%20artists%20they%20mean%20nothing%20or%20too%20many%20different%20things%3B%20among%20philosophers%20and%20scholars%20they%20mean%20something%20like%20having%20a%20nose%20or%20an%20instinct%20for%20the%20most%20auspicious%20conditions%20of%20a%20higher%20spirituality%3B%20among%20women%2C%20at%20best%2C%20an%20additional%20seductive%20charm%2C%20a%20little%20%3Ci%3Emorbidezza%20%5Bsmall%20morbidity%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%20on%20beautiful%20flesh%2C%20the%20angelic%20quality%20of%20a%20nice-looking%2C%20plump%20animal%3B%20among%20physiologically%20impaired%20and%20peevish%20people%20(that%20is%2C%20among%20the%20majority%20of%20mortals)%20they%20are%20an%20attempt%20to%20imagine%20themselves%20as%20%E2%80%9Ctoo%20good%E2%80%9D%20for%20this%20world%2C%20a%20holy%20form%20of%20orgiastic%20excess%2C%20their%20chief%20tool%20in%20the%20fight%20with%20their%20enduring%20pain%20and%20boredom%3B%20among%20the%20clergy%20they%20are%20the%20foundation%20of%20their%20priestly%20faith%2C%20their%20best%20instrument%20of%20power%2C%20and%20also%20the%20most%20important%20of%20all%20permits%20for%20their%20power%3B%20finally%20among%20the%20saints%20they%20are%20a%20pretext%20for%20hibernation%2C%20their%20%3Ci%3Enovissima%20gloriae%20cupido%20%5Bmost%20recent%20desire%20for%20glory%5D%3C%2Fi%3E%2C%20their%20repose%20in%20nothingness%20(%E2%80%9CGod%E2%80%9D)%2C%20their%20form%20of%20insanity.%20However%2C%20the%20fact%20that%20generally%20the%20ascetic%20ideal%20has%20meant%20so%20much%20to%20human%20beings%20is%20an%20expression%20of%20the%20basic%20fact%20of%20the%20human%20will%2C%20its%20%3Ci%3Ehorror%20vacui%3C%2Fi%3E%20%5B%3Ci%3Ehorror%20of%20a%20vacuum%3C%2Fi%3E%5D.%20It%20requires%20a%20goal%20and%20it%20will%20sooner%20will%20nothingness%20than%20not%20will.%20Do%20you%20understand%20me%3F%20.%20.%20.%20Have%20you%20understood%20me%3F%20.%20.%20.%20%E2%80%9CNot%20in%20the%20slightest%2C%20my%20dear%20sir!%E2%80%9D%20All%20right%2C%20let%E2%80%99s%20start%20from%20the%20beginning.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EWhat%20do%20ascetic%20ideals%20mean%3F%20Or%2C%20to%20take%20a%20single%20example%20which%20I%20have%20been%20asked%20to%20consider%20often%20enough%2C%20what%20does%20it%20mean%20when%2C%20for%20instance%2C%20an%20artist%2C%20like%20Richard%20Wagner%20in%20his%20later%20years%2C%20pays%20homage%20to%20chastity%3F%20In%20a%20certain%20sense%2C%20of%20course%2C%20he%20always%20did%20this%2C%20but%20in%20an%20ascetic%20sense%20he%20did%20it%20for%20the%20first%20time%20at%20the%20end.%20What%20does%20this%20change%20in%20%E2%80%9Csense%E2%80%9D%20mean%2C%20this%20radical%20change%20in%20the%20sense%3F%20For%20that%E2%80%99s%20what%20it%20was%20with%20it%20Wagner%20leapt%20right%20over%20into%20his%20opposite.%20What%20does%20it%20mean%20when%20an%20artist%20leaps%20over%20into%20his%20opposite%3F...%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIf%20we%20are%20willing%20to%20pause%20momentarily%20at%20this%20question%2C%20we%20immediately%20encounter%20the%20memory%20of%20perhaps%20the%20best%2C%20strongest%2C%20most%20cheerful%2C%20and%20bravest%20period%20in%20Wagner%E2%80%99s%20life%20the%20time%20when%20he%20was%20innerly%20and%20deeply%20preoccupied%20with%20the%20idea%20of%20Luther%E2%80%99s%20marriage.%20Who%20knows%20the%20circumstances%20which%20saw%20to%20it%20that%20today%2C%20instead%20of%20this%20wedding%20music%2C%20we%20have%20%3Ci%3EDie%20Meistersinger%3C%2Fi%3E%20%5B%3Ci%3EWagner%E2%80%99s%20opera%20The%20Master%20Singers%3C%2Fi%3E%5D%20And%20how%20much%20of%20the%20former%20work%20may%20perhaps%20echo%20in%20the%20latter%3F%20But%20there%20is%20no%20doubt%20that%20this%20%E2%80%9CLuther%E2%80%99s%20Wedding%E2%80%9D%20would%20have%20involved%20the%20praise%20of%20chastity.%20Of%20course%2C%20it%20would%20also%20have%20contained%20a%20praise%20of%20sensuality%20and%20that%2C%20it%20strikes%20me%2C%20would%20have%20been%20quite%20appropriate%2C%20very%20%E2%80%9CWagnerian.%E2%80%9D%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EFor%20between%20chastity%20and%20sensuality%20there%20is%20no%20essential%20opposition.%20Every%20good%20marriage%2C%20every%20genuine%20affair%20of%20the%20heart%20transcends%20them%20both.%20In%20my%20view%2C%20Wagner%20would%20have%20done%20well%20if%20he%20had%20enabled%20his%20Germans%20to%20take%20this%20pleasant%20fact%20to%20heart%20once%20more%2C%20with%20the%20help%20of%20a%20lovely%20and%20brave%20comedy%20about%20Luther%2C%20for%20among%20the%20Germans%20there%20are%20always%20a%20lot%20of%20people%20who%20slander%20sensuality%2C%20and%20Luther%E2%80%99s%20value%20is%20probably%20nowhere%20greater%20than%20precisely%20here%3A%20he%20had%20the%20courage%20of%20his%20own%20sensuality%20(at%20that%20time%20people%20called%20it%2C%20delicately%20enough%2C%20%E2%80%9Cevangelical%20freedom%E2%80%9D%20.%20.%20.).%20But%20even%20if%20it%20were%20the%20case%20that%20there%20really%20were%20an%20antithesis%20between%20chastity%20and%20sensuousness%2C%20fortunately%20there%20is%20no%20need%20for%20it%20to%20be%20a%20tragic%20antithesis.%20At%20least%20this%20should%20be%20the%20case%20for%20all%20successful%20and%20cheerful%20mortals%2C%20who%20are%20far%20from%20considering%20their%20unstable%20equilibrium%20between%20%E2%80%9Canimal%20and%20angel%E2%80%9D%20as%2C%20in%20itself%2C%20an%20argument%20against%20existence.%20The%20finest%20and%20brightest%2C%20like%20Goethe%2C%20like%20Hafiz%2C%20even%20saw%20that%20that%20made%20life%20more%20attractive.%20It%E2%80%99s%20precisely%20%E2%80%9Ccontradictions%E2%80%9D%20like%20that%20which%20make%20life%20more%20enticing....%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EOn%20the%20other%20hand%2C%20it%E2%80%99s%20easy%20enough%20to%20understand%20that%20once%20pigs%20who%20have%20had%20bad%20luck%20are%20persuaded%20to%20worship%20chastity%20and%20there%20are%20such%20swine!%20they%20see%20in%20chastity%20only%20their%20opposite%2C%20the%20opposite%20to%20unlucky%20pigs%2C%20and%20will%20worship%20that%20and%20with%20such%20zealous%20tragic%20grunting!%20We%20can%20imagine%20it%20that%20embarrassing%20and%20unnecessary%20antithesis%2C%20which%20Richard%20Wagner%20at%20the%20end%20of%20his%20life%20unquestioningly%20still%20wanted%20to%20set%20to%20music%20and%20produce%20on%20stage.%20What%20on%20earth%20for%3F%20That%E2%80%99s%20a%20fair%20question.%20For%20why%20should%20he%20be%20concerned%20about%20pigs%3F%20Why%20should%20we%3F%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EIn%20this%20matter%20there%20is%2C%20of%20course%2C%20another%20question%20we%20cannot%20circumvent%3A%20why%20Wagner%20was%20concerned%20about%20that%20manly%20(and%20also%20so%20unmanly)%20%E2%80%9Csimpleton%20from%20the%20country%2C%E2%80%9D%20that%20poor%20devil%20and%20nature%20boy%20Parsifal%2C%20whom%20he%20finally%20turned%20into%20a%20Catholic%20in%20such%20an%20embarrassing%20way.%20What%3F%20Was%20this%20Parsifal%20really%20meant%20to%20be%20taken%20seriously%3F%20For%20we%20could%20be%20tempted%20to%20assume%20the%20reverse%2C%20even%20to%20desire%20it%20that%20the%20Wagnerian%20%3Ci%3EParsifal%3C%2Fi%3E%20was%20intended%20to%20be%20cheerful%2C%20as%20it%20were%2C%20a%20concluding%20piece%20and%20satyr%20drama%2C%20with%20which%20the%20tragic%20writer%20Wagner%20wanted%20to%20take%20his%20farewell%2C%20in%20an%20respectful%20manner%20worthy%20of%20him%2C%20from%20us%2C%20from%20himself%2C%20and%2C%20above%20all%2C%20from%20tragedy%2C%20that%20is%2C%20with%20an%20excess%20of%20the%20highest%20and%20most%20high-spirited%20parody%20of%20tragedy%20itself%2C%20of%20the%20entire%20dreadful%20earthy%20seriousness%20and%20earthy%20wailing%20of%20his%20earlier%20works%2C%20of%20the%20crudest%20form%20in%20the%20perversity%20of%20the%20ascetic%20ideal%2C%20conquered%20at%20last.%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0A%3Cdiv%20class%3D%22indent1%22%20style%3D%22margin%3A%200cm%3B%20text-align%3A%20justify%3B%20text-indent%3A%2036pt%3B%22%3E%0A%3Cspan%20lang%3D%22EN-US%22%3EThat%20would%20have%20been%2C%20as%20mentioned%2C%20worthy%20of%20a%20great%20tragedian%2C%20who%2C%20like%20every%20artist%2C%20first%20attains%20the%20final%20peak%20of%20greatness%20when%20he%20knows%20how%20to%20see%20himself%20and%20his%20art%20as%20beneath%20him%2C%20when%20knows%20how%20to%20laugh%20at%20himself.%20Is%20%3Ci%3EParsifal%3C%2Fi%3E%20Wagner%E2%80%99s%20secret%20superior%20laughter%20at%20himself%2C%20the%20triumph%20of%20his%20achieving%20the%20ultimate%20and%20highest%20artistic%20freedom%2C%20his%20movement%20beyond%20art%3F%20As%20I've%20said%2C%20we%20might%20wish%20that.%20For%20what%20would%20%3Ci%3EParsifal%3C%2Fi%3E%20be%20if%20intended%20seriously%3F%20Do%20we%20need%20to%20see%20in%20it%20(as%20it%20was%20put%20to%20me)%20%E2%80%9Cthe%20epitome%20of%20an%20insane%20hatred%20for%20knowledge%2C%20spirit%2C%20and%20sensuality%E2%80%9D%3F%20A%20curse%20on%20the%20senses%20and%20the%20spirit%20in%20one%20breath%20of%20hatred%3F%20An%20apostay

Tidak ada komentar: